Cited by 930Family and Disability Support ResearchDown syndrome and intellectual disability researchChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time

Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., Low, C.·2003·Journal of Intellectual Disability Research

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder. Methods The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of problem behaviours in 205 pre‐school children with and without developmental delays. Results Behaviour problems were quite stable over the year from age 36–48 months. Children with developmental delays were rated higher on behaviour problems than their non‐delayed peers, and were three times as likely to score in the clinical range. Mothers and fathers showed high agreement in their rating of child problems, especially in the delayed group. Parenting stress was also higher in the delayed group, but was related to the extent of behaviour problems rather than to the child's developmental delay. Conclusions Over time, a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour problems over time, and high child behaviour problems contributed to a worsening in parenting stress. Findings for mothers and fathers were quite similar.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x

Cites

60 of 60 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 · Cited by 5,436
Untitled work
(1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,251
Self-citation
Review of Child Development Research
Jaeger, D. (1976) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/56.11.1307b · Cited by 2,141
Comorbidity in Child Psychopathology: Concepts, Issues and Research Strategies
Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x · Cited by 1,051
Parenting stress index manual
Abidin, R. R. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 926
Depressed mothers as informants about their children: A critical review of the evidence for distortion.
Richters, J. E. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.485 · Cited by 779
PARENT-CHILD AGREEMENT ON CHILD PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS ASSESSED VIA STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
EDELBROCK, C. S., Costello, A. J., Dulcan, M. K., Conover, N. C., & Kala, R. (1986) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb02329.x · Cited by 565
Self-citation
I. Introduction
Hauser‐Cram, P., Warfield, M. E., Shonkoff, J. P., & Krauss, M. W. (2001) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00151 · Cited by 454
Pre-school to School: a Behavioural Study
Sturge, J. C. (1983) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.58.5.398-a · Cited by 453
16. Wald MS: Family Preservation: Are We Moving Too Fast. We Need More Data on the Impact of Interventions with Children. Public Welfare, 1988. 17. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock C: Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist. Burlington, VT:
Magura, S. (1990) · Cited by 448

Show all 60 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Achenbach T. M., 1991, Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist
Achenbach T. M., 2000, Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist 1½−5
Bayley N., 1993, Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Manual
Cameron S. J., 1991, Stress in parents of developmentally delayed and non‐delayed preschool children, Canada's Mental Health, 39, 13
Edelbrock C., 1986, Parent‐child agreement on child psychiatric symptoms, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 181, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb02282.x · DOI
Nezu C. M., 1992, Psychopathology in Persons with Mental Retardation
10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00083.x · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 929

Study On The Difficulty Of Parents Of Children With Developmental Disabilities, Recognition Of The Quality Of Life And Needs For The Services To Improve The Quality Of Family Support Services
Kang, K. (2016) · The Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.26592/ksie.2016.11.2.217 · Cited by 4
Prospective associations between ASD screening scores, parenting stress, and later socio-emotional-cognitive maturity in a community-based birth cohort
Nguyen, A. K. D., Murphy, L. E., Tylavsky, F. A., & Pagani, L. S. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.11.012 · Cited by 5
Okula Olgunluğuna İlişkin Sınıf Öğretmenlerinin ve Okul Öncesi Eğitim Öğretmenlerinin Görüşlerinin Belirlenmesi
Koçak, D., & İNCEKARA, S. (2020) · Kuramsal Eğitimbilim · doi:10.30831/akukeg.557152 · Cited by 4
Elaboration of Screening Scales for Mental Development Problems Detection in Russian Preschool Children: Psychometric Approach
Nasledov, A., Александрович, М. С., Tkacheva, L. O., & Goncharov, V. A. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10090646 · Cited by 4
“Also, behavioral disorders affect about 50% of children with DD or at risk for DD at the age of 2–3 years [4], and this tendency worsens over time if there is the absence of appropriate corrective interventions [5].”
Background
The role of mindful parenting in the relationship of parent and child mental health in Taiwan Chinese
Wang, S. S.-C., & Lo, H. H. M. (2020) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525098.2020.1815351 · Cited by 6
UK military families with a dependent who has Special Education Needs and/or Disability (SEND): a forgotten sub-population?
Taylor-Beirne, S., & Fear, N. T. (2021) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001709 · Cited by 4
“13 14 21 22 This can affect the psychological functioning and educational outcomes of both children and adults in SEND families.”
Socio-demographic features and emotional-behavioral problems in a girl's orphanage in Turkey
Akay, P. A., Miral, S., Baykara, B., & Yemez, B. (2006) · Ege Tıp Dergisi · Cited by 4
Zihinsel Yetersizliğe Sahip Çocuğu Olan Ebeveynlerin Umut Durumlarının İncelenmesi
SARIOĞLU, E., & Kulakoğlu, O. (2022) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1101087 · Cited by 4
Child Behavior Problems as Predictors of Stress in Parents of Children with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities in Four Emirates of the United Arab Emirates
Dukmak, S. J., Mousa, A., & Gharaibeh, M. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2022.2098434 · Cited by 4
“…reported high levels both of stress and of child disruptive behavior problems (Shawler & Sullivan, 2015) and the relationship between DD and parental stress appears to be mediated by the child’s behavior problems (Baker et al., 2002; Baker et al., 2003; Lecavalier et al., 2006; Neece et al., 2012).”
Background
Factors related to parenting styles of Chinese mothers of children with and without intellectual disability
Su, H. F., Cuskelly, M., & Gilmore, L. (2023) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.13029 · Cited by 4
Feasibility and Acceptability of Spanish-Language Parenting Interventions for Young Children With Developmental Delays
Safer‐Lichtenstein, J., McIntyre, L. L., Rodriguez, G., Gomez, D., Puerta, S., & Neece, C. L. (2023) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-61.4.307 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Parents' perceptions of their children's mental health during COVID-19: Evidence from Canada
Ahmad, I. A., Fakih, A., & Hammoud, M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116298 · Cited by 4
Homeschooling Parent Stress Levels and Its Association with the Mental and Physical Health of Their Children
Windish, L., & Wachob, D. A. (2017) · The International Journal of Health Wellness and Society · doi:10.18848/2156-8960/cgp/v07i03/11-21 · Cited by 4
Internet-Delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (I-PCIT) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Rationale, Considerations, and Lessons Learned
Hong, N., Feinberg, L. K., Garcia, D., Comer, J. S., & Bagner, D. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03213-5_30 · Cited by 5
Developmental Trajectories of Marriage, Coparenting, and Parenting Stress for Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults with Intellectual Disability
Richardson, S. S. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/2746172 · Cited by 4
Infant mental health: an emerging field for children with developmental disabilities
Holtz, C. A., & Fox, R. A. (2008) · Advances in special education · doi:10.1016/s0270-4013(08)18009-6 · Cited by 4
Mothers’ Socialization of Emotions and Socio-Emotional Competences in Children with and without Intellectual Disabilities in Belgium and Quebec
Nader‐Grosbois, N., Jacobs, É., & Morin, D. (2022) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2022.131010 · Cited by 4
“…showing a lower level in this domain in children with ID, who also present a greater risk of externalizing or/and internalizing behavioral problems (Baker et al., 2003, 2011; Baurain & Nader-Grosbois, 2013b; Hauser-Cram & Woodman, 2016; Jacobs et al., 2020; Leffert & Siperstein, 2002; Leffert,…”
Background
Psychometric Properties of Two Measures of Crisis and Distress in Parents of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Benninger, T. L., & Witwer, A. N. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2016.1276234 · Cited by 4
“problems contribute to parental stress, which over time contributes to worsening in child-behavior problems, promoting the cyclical nature of negative effects experienced by families (Baker et al., 2003; Hastings, 2002; Lecavalier et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
An Examination of Demographic Variables and Their Relationships with Perceived Stress Among Caregivers Beginning a Parent Training Program
Patenaude, A. H. (2011) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 4
A Training Package for Parents and their Toddlers with Autism: Observed Changes in Parent Teaching Episodes, Child Turn Taking and Social Attending, and Parent-Child Engagement
Hunt, N. M. (2015) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc801880 · Cited by 4
Cognitive Outcome of Children with Developmental Delay in Hong Kong
Tang, K., Chen, T., Lau, V., & Wu, M. (2008) · Cited by 3
disabilities in Britain Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual
Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2011) · Cited by 4
Up you get: Norwegian parents' reactions to children's negative emotions
Bjørk, R. F., Havighurst, S. S., Fredriksen, E., & Bølstad, E. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13051 · Cited by 5
‘It's Quite a Journey’: Australian Parents’ Experience of Adopting Older Children from Overseas Orphanages
Alessia, K., & Roufeil, L. (2012) · Children Australia · doi:10.1017/cha.2012.37 · Cited by 3
PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND THE PERCEIVED PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ACADEMIC OUTCOMES OF U.S. CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Ashiabi, G. S. (2018) · International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies · doi:10.18357/ijcyfs83/4201718076 · Cited by 3
Comorbid Behavior Problems Among Youth With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Bolourian, Y., & Blacher, J. (2018) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2018.08.004 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Análisis de la adaptación de las familias con hijos o hijas con síndrome de Down durante la infancia desde el modelo Doble ABCX
Guzmán, E. M. R., López, R. M., & Pedro-Viejo, A. B. (2022) · Alternativas Cuadernos de trabajo Social · doi:10.14198/altern.21156 · Cited by 6
Mother’s Parental Psychological Flexibility and Children’s Self-reliance Behaviors in Chinese Primary School: The Mediating Role of Resilience
Zhuang, M., Wei, X., & Jin, X. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02575-3 · Cited by 3
“The effects of these early impairments predict poor attachment security and enhanced externalising behavioural problems in offspring (Jarvis & Creasey, 1991; Anthony et al., 2005; Baker et al., 2003; Williford, Calkins, & Keane, 2007).”
Background
Longitudinal Changes in the Parenting Stress of Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy and Their Relationship with Children’s Gross Motor Function System Levels
Park, E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11091317 · Cited by 3
“Previous studies on mothers’ parenting stress have reported that this stress changes gradually [31,32], but studies on such changes in mothers of children with CP are few. such changes in mothers of children with CP are few.”
THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON THE QUALITY OF THE PARENTAL ROLE OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Bunijevac, M., & Čanadanović-Marinković, J. (2023) · Research in Education and Rehabilitation · doi:10.51558/2744-1555.2023.6.1.46 · Cited by 3
Mechanistic examination of why caregiver strain undermines quality of life: unravelling the roles of mental health symptoms and social participation
Lee, S., & Yoon, Y. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/02185385.2023.2258856 · Cited by 3
“Empirical studies have consistently shown that parents of school-aged children with DDs experience higher levels of strain and depressive symptoms compared to parents of typically developing children (Baker et al., 2003; Lopes et al., 2008; Plant & Sanders, 2007; Singer, 2006).”
The Positive Aspects of Being the Parent of a Trans Child: Findings from Trans Pathways
Morgan, H., Lin, A. P., Perry, Y., Cook, A. G., Winter, S., Watson, V., Toussaint, D. W., & Strauss, P. (2023) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2023.2292537 · Cited by 3
Family Resilience in Primary Caregivers of Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Kara, H. Ç., Çögen, T., & Telci, F. (2024) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2024_aja-23-00173 · Cited by 3
Canevas interprétatif des représentations de familles d'enfants à déficience intellectuelle à propos de leur résilience
Nader‐Grosbois, N. (2010) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.510.0409 · Cited by 6
Mental Health Issues among Family Members of Children with Mental Disability
Hashim, A. H., Kaur, M., Bahar, N., & Ismail, W. S. W. (2016) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0089-6.ch004 · Cited by 3
Stress and Coping Strategies Used by Parents When Raising a Young Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Storms, N. M. (2012) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) · Cited by 3
Intellectual functioning and behavioral disorders
Maćešić-Petrović, D., Japundža‐Milisavljević, M., & Đurić-Zdravković, A. (2009) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-009-0005-3 · Cited by 3
Suggestions for a Teacher Training Program for Inclusive Education in a Japanese University
Takahashi, J. (2013) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2013.48074 · Cited by 3
SOCIOEMOCIONALNA POSVEĆENOST RODITELJA DECE SA SMETNJAMA U RAZVOJU: RAZLIKE IZMEĐU MAJKI I OČEVA
Rajić, M., & Mihić, I. (2015) · ГОДИШЊАК ФИЛОЗОФСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У НОВОМ САДУ · doi:10.19090/gff.2015.2.137-152 · Cited by 3
Evidence for the Protective and Compensatory Functions of Resilience in Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Halstead, E. J., Hastings, R. P., & Griffith, G. M. (2018) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-018-0065-5 · Cited by 3
“Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are more likely to engage in behavior problems than children without IDD, and the presence of behavior problems has a negative association with other child outcomes, such as social ability and academic achievements (Baker et al., 2003; Campbell, 2003; Ein…”
Background
Parental Stress, Emotion Regulation, Meta-Emotion, and Changes Following an MBSR Intervention
Xu, Y. (2017) · The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University) · Cited by 3
The effects of errorless compliance training on children in home and school settings
Cavell, H. J., Radley, K. C., Dufrene, B. A., Tingstrom, D. H., Ness, E. J., & Murphy, A. (2018) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1641 · Cited by 3
Psychological adjustment of young subjects with Möbius sequence and their primary caregivers’ strain and life satisfaction: First longitudinal data
Briegel, W., Heinzel‐Gutenbrunner, M., & Beate, Y. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.11.004 · Cited by 3
Pragmatic language and the child with emotional/behavioural difficulties (EBD): a pilot study exploring the interaction between behaviour and communication disability
Mackie, L., & Law, J. (2009) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820903105137 · Cited by 3
The Development of Behavioral Difficulties in Hard-of-Hearing and Deaf Youth
VanOrmer, J. L., Rossetti, K. G., & Zlomke, K. R. (2019) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2019.1659537 · Cited by 3
“However, longitudinal studies have indicated that the relationship between behavior problems and parental stress is bidirectional, where elevations in behavior problems lead to increases in parental stress (Baker et al., 2003; Orsmond, Seltzer, Krauss, & Hong, 2003).”
Background
Dual Diagnosis and Families: Introduction to the Special Issue
McIntyre, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2011.606596 · Cited by 3
“Similar to findings of studies of younger children (e.g., Baker et al., 2003), level of ID or severity of language delay did not predict family caregiver burden.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Acculturation, Psychological Distress, and Family Adjustment Among Russian Immigrants in the United States
Dunaev, E. (2012) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) · Cited by 3
Early Childhood Externalizing Behavior Problems and Parent Training Interventions
Bagner, D. M., Garcia, D., & Lorenzo, N. E. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch33 · Cited by 3
Factors contributing to the successful transition of preschoolers with and without Developmental Delay into school
Lopes, V. (2008) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 3
It's Different: Perceptions of Risk and Resilience in Older Siblings of Children with Disabilities.
Reimers, B. (2017) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 3
Parenting Stress in Parents of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Child Characteristics and Social Support
Haisley, L. D. (2014) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 3
Caregiver Parenting Stress Associated with Delays in Child Social-Emotional and Motor Development
Ridgeway, K., Park, S., Okuda, P. M. M., Félix, E., Ribeiro, M. V. V., Martins, S. S., Caetano, S. C., & Surkan, P. J. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02787-1 · Cited by 2
“…parenting stress may bene ﬁ t from measuring parenting stress over time to elucidate the directionality of the observed relationships, as prior research indicates that parenting stress can both cause and be the result of behavior problems related to child developmental delay (Baker et al., 2003).”
Constructional Parent Coaching: A Collaborative Approach to Improve the Lives of Parents of Children with Autism
Liden, T. A., & Rosales‐Ruiz, J. (2024) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-024-00944-y · Cited by 2
“In particular, parents of children diagnosed with autism have higher rates of stress as compared to parents of children with other developmental disabilities (Baker et al., 2002; Baker et al., 2003; Dumas et al., 1991; Sanders & Morgan, 1997).”
A longitudinal study of psychological distress during and after COVID‐19 restrictions in caregivers of children with intellectual disability in the UK
Gillespie‐Smith, K., Goodall, K., McConachie, D., Herwegen, J. V., Crawford, H., Ballantyne, C. J., Richards, C., Gallagher‐Mitchell, T., Moss, J. F., Khawam, G., et al. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12261 · Cited by 3
Relations between mind‐mindedness, stress and parent–child relationship quality in parents of children with a history of mental health or behavioural difficulties
Larkin, F., Fishburn, S., Lee, Y., & Meins, E. (2025) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.70015 · Cited by 2
“Having a child with a genetic or developmental disorder may increase parenting stress (Baker et al., 2003; Blacher et al., 2005; Craig et al., 2016; Gernstein et al., 2009; Hauser-Cram et al., 2001; Woodman, 2014; Woodman et al., 2015).”
Current Status and Future Directions
Williams, L. W., & Matson, J. L. (2016) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27171-2_23 · Cited by 2
“Research examining parental stress in regard to having a child with ID and comorbid psychopathology has demonstrated that parental stress is more strongly associated with the child’s behavior problems than cognitive functioning (Baker et al. 2003).”
Background
Occupational performance of families with children who have experienced developmental trauma: Preliminary findings
Cerny, S. L. (2017) · World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin · doi:10.1080/14473828.2017.1301024 · Cited by 2
“In addition, Barker et al. (2003) found that caregivers of children with behavioural problems have reported higher distress levels than caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities.”
Background
Early Communication Skills and Special Education Outcomes at School Entry: Implications for Pediatric Care and Screening
Kim, M. H., & McIntyre, L. L. (2019) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x19884185 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Usporedba percepcije bliskih odnosa roditelja djece s teškoćama u razvoju i roditelja djece normativnog razvoja
Klarin, M., Čirjak, V., & Šašić, S. Š. (2020) · Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja · doi:10.31299/hrri.56.2.2 · Cited by 2
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in an Adolescent with Intellectual Disability
Al-Abdullah, Z., Nawaz, F. A., Kair, H. M., & Sultan, M. A. (2022) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2022/4943485 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, previous studies have highlighted that children’s problems associated with ID have a marked negative impact on their parents’ psychological well-being [25, 26].”
Background
What Coping Strategies do Parents of Children with Autism use to Cope with Stress?
Karnas, M. (2023) · International Journal on Social and Education Sciences · doi:10.46328/ijonses.618 · Cited by 2
“Especially, parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have reported higher levels of stress than parents of children with other disabilities and parents of typically developing children (Baker, & McIntyre, 2003; Lai et al., 2015; Weiss et al., 2013).”
Does parental stress improve after pediatric tonsillectomy?
Dias, J. I., Alves, C. S., Castro, S. S. E., Meireles, L., & Coutinho, M. B. (2023) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111830 · Cited by 2
Assessment of the Quality of Life of Families of Children With Autism
Ilić, V., & Stepanović, S. (2024) · Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation · doi:10.21554/hrr.042402 · Cited by 2
A Study of the Effectiveness of Camp Baker, an Adapted Summer Treatment Program for Children with ADHD
Wilson, M., Tannenbaum, S. A., Bartuska, A. D., Park, A. L., Synn, S., Halko, H., & Kim, R. E. (2024) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2024.2400881 · Cited by 2
“As research has shown that there is a bidirectional relationship between parenting stress and behavior problems in children (Baker et al., 2003; Neece et al., 2012), it is important to look at how Camp Baker impacted caregivers stress and their view of their child’s behaviors.”
The Association Between Parenting Stress and Parenting Behaviors in Chinese Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Role of Parental Anxiety and Depression
Zhang, C., Fu, L., Chen, Y., Wang, R., Zhou, T., & Yi, C. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2024.2401833 · Cited by 2
“Higher levels of reported stress are associated with an increase in parenting behaviors that are less conducive to a child’s positive development (Baker et al., 2003; Clauser et al., 2021; Healey et al., 2011; McPherson et al., 2009).”
Families of Children/Youth with Complex Needs Before, During, and After COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions
Arbeau, K., Atallah, S., & Pierre, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00676-9 · Cited by 3
“As children with special needs generally tend to experience greater behavioural challenges (Baker et al., 2003; Hayes & Watson, 2013; Janus et al., 2018), pandemic changes to daily routines may have initiated a transactional process of deteriorating child and parent interactions.”
Understanding the Impact of YouTube Videos on Parents of Children with Developmental Delay and Disabilities
Ahmed, S. U., Sakib, M. N., & Dey, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3701214 · Cited by 6
Predicting children's emotional and behavioral difficulties at age five using pregnancy and newborn risk factors: Evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Zong, X., Li, Y., Liu, C., & Aguirre, E. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.167 · Cited by 2
Pengaruh Parenting Stress terhadap Harga Diri Orangtua di JABODETABEK
Lunanta, L. P., Hatta, A. R., Kristiyani, V., & Srifianti, S. (2021) · MANASA · doi:10.25170/manasa.v10i1.2219 · Cited by 2
Parenting Stress and Need Assessment of Families with Disabled Children across Himachal Himalaya
Ranta, R. S., Sharma, V. K., & Gupta, P. (2015) · International Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.5296/ijssr.v3i2.7344 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, Baker et al. (2003) also established that parenting stress was higher for parents of preschoolers with delays than for parents of normal preschoolers.”
Background
The Association between Parenting Stress and Child Behavior Problems in PDD and ADHD
김민희, 서동수, 이민영, Chung, K., & 변희정 (2011) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2011.30.3.007 · Cited by 2
Parenting stress and social support in families with children with Fragile X syndrome: a comparison of mothers and fathers
Long, A. C. J. (2009) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/da82-sz36 · Cited by 3
Children with Mental Retardation / Intellectual Disability: The Function of Adaptive Behavior and Parental Stress Across Childhood
Westwood, W. K. (2010) · Cited by 2
Current Status and Perception on Parents' Intervention toward Problem Behaviors of Children with Disabilities
Park, J.-K., Kwon, S., & 김은라 (2014) · Korean Journal of Physical Multiple & Health Disabilities · doi:10.20971/kcpmd.2014.57.3.23 · Cited by 2
The Relationship between Work-family Conflict, Parenting Stress on Dual-income Couples, and the Internalization-externalization of Children : Application of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model(APIM)
Ha, M. (2018) · Asian Journal of Education · doi:10.15753/aje.2018.09.19.3.573 · Cited by 2
Attachment security, early childhood intervention and the National Disability Insurance Scheme: a risk and rights analysis
Alexander, S. L., Frederico, M., & Long, M. (2019) · Children Australia · doi:10.1017/cha.2019.39 · Cited by 2
Surveying the relation between the means of infant feeding and motor development in Hungary
Kádár, M., Szöllösi, G. J., Molnár, S., Kardos, L., & Szabó, L. E. (2021) · Developments in Health Sciences · doi:10.1556/2066.2020.00012 · Cited by 2
Parenting Satisfaction and Self-Efficacy: A Longitudinal Study of Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome
Gilmore, L., & Cuskelly, M. (2012) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.5172/jfs.2012.1996 · Cited by 2
Parent Education in Bangladeshi Families with Young Children of Diverse Abilities: Implementation of the Learning Through Play Calendar
Kawser, U., Driscoll, J., & Huque, A. U. (2024) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/2692398x.2024.2325757 · Cited by 4
“In addition, since parental morale can be challenged over time by the demands of exceptionalities (Baker et al., 2003; Han et al., 2018), it is meaningful that, overall, parents of exceptional children reported improvements in their attitudes.”
Background
Caregiver Burden and Sibling Relationships in Families Raising Children with Disabilities
Allred, D. W. (2013) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 2
Multicultural and Minority Issues
Chung, K., Jang, J., & Adams, H. L. (2014) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0401-3_29 · Cited by 2
Parent Stress and Social Skills Development in Children with Developmental Delays
Lewallen, A. C. (2015) · The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University) · Cited by 2
Parental Illness Representation of Intellectual Disability and Parental Emotional Distress and Coping
Manokara, V., Medvedev, O. N., & Lee, B. (2020) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-020-00165-8 · Cited by 2
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Children with Developmental Delay and Related Problems
Garcia, D., Magariño, L. S., & Bagner, D. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97698-3_7 · Cited by 2
Challenging Behaviors and Dual Diagnosis
O’Brien, M. J. (2020) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46835-4_3 · Cited by 2
Counseling Parents of Special Children: Insight from Resilient Parents
Mohan, R. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.99573 · Cited by 2
An Examination of Selected Psychophysiological Parameters of Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Foody, C. (2013) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.13025/17564 · Cited by 2
Prediction of Social Competence and Social Integration in Children with or at-Risk for Intellectual Disability
Rajska, D. (2009) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 3
EFFECT OF SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS ON WELL-BEING AND DEPRESSION IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
Burbidge, J. G. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 2
Joint Attention and its Relation to Social Outcomes: Typically Developing Children and Children with Autism
Meek, S. E. (2010) · Cited by 2
Maternal Employment Trajectories and Caring for an Infant or Toddler with a DisabilityPreprint
Zhu, A. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2734484 · Cited by 2
Burden Experienced by Caregivers of Youth with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: An Exploratory Study
Pereira, R. (2010) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/15844 · Cited by 2
Intervention for emotion knowledge and behaviour problems in children with developmental disabilities.
Randall, A. L. (2012) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/9288 · Cited by 2
ACTOR AND PARTNER EFFECTS IN RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MATERNAL/PATERNAL PARENTING BEHAVIORS AND MATERNAL/PATERNAL PERCEPTIONS OF CHILD AGGRESSION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Cho, S. I. (2015) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/e2r0-nz12 · Cited by 2
The impact of therapy process on outcomes for families of children with disabilities and behaviour problems attending group parent training
Walsh, N. K. (2008) · eSpace (Curtin University) · Cited by 2
Challenging Behaviors in Children with Comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Macmillan, K. M. (2014) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.1734 · Cited by 2
Health Status, Health Promoting Behaviors, and Facilitators and Barriers to Health Promoting Behaviors of Urban versus Rural Primary Caregivers of Children with Disabilities
Query, B. (2014) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3m32nj65 · Cited by 2
The Development of a Three Minute Realtime Sampling Method to Measure Social Harmony during Interactions between Parents and their Toddlers with Autism
Cunningham, I. L. (2018) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1248433 · Cited by 2
Young Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Intellectual Disabilities
Lee, N., Godfrey, M., & Hamner, T. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23576-1 · Cited by 2
Chapter 1 Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology
Rojahn, J., Schroeder, S. R., & Hoch, T. A. (2007) · The Assessment and treatment of child psychopathology and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/s1871-1294(07)02001-5 · Cited by 1

Authors: Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
University of California, Riverside (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Corresponding author: Baker, B. L.
ORCID: Baker, B. L.
McIntyre, L. L.
Crnic, K.
Venue: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-05
Volume: 47
Issue: 4-5
Pages: 217-230
ISSN: 0964-2633 (ISSN-L)
1365-2788
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x
OpenAlex: W2154865829
Cited by: 930
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 19.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 21 d)
Locations: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD34879-1459, R01HD034879)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: developmental delay, intellectual disability, preschool children, behavioral problems, parental stress, longitudinal stability, transactional model, early intervention
MeSH terms: Adult, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Parenting

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks