Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnancy in Ghana

Mockenhaupt, Frank P.; Rong, Birgit; Till, Holger; Eggelte, Teunis A.; Beck, Stefanie; Gyasi‐Sarpong, Christian; Thompson, William N. A.; Bienzle, Ulrich

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00532.x

Cited by 105Malaria Research and ControlHemoglobinopathies and Related DisordersBird parasitology and diseases

Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnancy in Ghana

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Mockenhaupt, Frank P., Rong, Birgit, Till, Holger, Eggelte, Teunis A., Beck, Stefanie, Gyasi‐Sarpong, Christian, Thompson, William N. A., Bienzle, Ulrich·2000·Tropical Medicine & International Health

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00532.x

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Abstract

Malarial parasitaemia below the threshold of microscopy but detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays is common in endemic regions. This study was conducted to examine prevalence, predictors, and effects of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnancy. In a cross-sectional study among 530 pregnant women in Ghana, plasmodial infections were assessed by microscopy and PCR assays. Concentrations of haemoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured and antimalarial drugs (chloroquine, pyrimethamine) in urine were demonstrated by ELISA dipsticks. By microscopy, 32% of the women were found to harbour malaria parasites. This rate increased to 63% adding the results of the parasite-specific PCR. P. falciparum was present in all but one infection. With increasing gravidity, infection rates and parasite densities decreased and the proportions of submicroscopic parasitaemia among infected women grew. Correspondingly, anaemia, fever and evidence of inflammation (CRP > 0.6 mg/dl) were more frequent in primigravidae than in multigravidae. Antimalarial drugs were detected in 65% of the women and were associated with a reduced prevalence of P. falciparum infections and a raised proportion of submicroscopic parasitaemia. Both gravidity and antimalarial drug use were independent predictors of submicroscopic P. falciparum infections. These infections caused a slight reduction of Hb levels and considerably increased serum concentrations of CRP. Conventional microscopy underestimates the actual extent of malarial infections in pregnancy in endemic regions. Submicroscopic P. falciparum infections are frequent and may contribute to mild anaemia and inflammation in seemingly aparasitaemic pregnant women.

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Pregnant women may become asymptomatic reservoirs with low density infections and remain unidentified during routine passive surveillance because P. falciparum sequestration in the placenta hinders detection by RDT or microscopy.
“Pregnant women may become asymptomatic reservoirs with low density infections; remain unidentified during routine passive surveillance since P. falciparum sequestration in the placenta hinders their detection by RDT or microscopy”
From Intermittent preventive treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is associated with protection against sub-microscopic P. falciparum infection in pregnant women during the low transmission dry season in southwestern Cameroon: A Semi - longitudinal study (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
The proportion of submicroscopic parasitaemia among infected women decreased with increasing gravidity.
“and the proportion of submicroscopic parasitaemia among infected women decreased with increasing gravidity [31].”
From Intermittent preventive treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is associated with protection against sub-microscopic P. falciparum infection in pregnant women during the low transmission dry season in southwestern Cameroon: A Semi - longitudinal study (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
SMIs are frequently detected in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and were associated with adverse outcomes in several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
“SMIs are also frequently detected in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and were associated with adverse outcomes in several cross-sectional (21)(22)(23)(24) and longitudinal studies (25,26).”
From Clinical outcomes of submicroscopic infections and correlates of protection of VAR2CSA antibodies in a longitudinal study of pregnant women in Colombia (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
An earlier study reported higher rates of submicroscopic infection with increasing parity, whereas other studies reported similar rates among women of different parities.
“An earlier study also reported higher rates of submicroscopic infection with increasing parity [47], whereas other studies have reported similar rates of sub microscopic infections among women of different parities [16,38,40].”
From Diagnosing malaria in pregnancy: An update (2012) · cites this paper as [47]
The association of maternal anemia to submicroscopic infection is inconsistent, with some studies finding a relationship and other studies not.
“However, the association of maternal anemia to submicroscopic infection (defined by PCR, qPCR or HRP2 methods) is inconsistent, with some studies finding a relationship [16,47,53] while other studies did not [38,40,47].”
From Diagnosing malaria in pregnancy: An update (2012) · cites this paper as [47]

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Additional file 5 of Global trend of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. malaria infections in the last two decades (2000–2020): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hawadak, J., Nana, R. R. D., & Singh, V. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14728577
Additional file 2 of Global trend of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. malaria infections in the last two decades (2000–2020): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hawadak, J., Nana, R. R. D., & Singh, V. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14728568
Additional file 1 of Sub-microscopic Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia, dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) resistance mutations to sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine, transmission intensity and risk of malaria infection in pregnancy in Mount Cameroon Region
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Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections during pregnancy, in an area of Sudan with a low intensity of malaria transmission
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Authors: Mockenhaupt, F. P., Rong, B., Till, H., Eggelte, T. A., Beck, S., Gyasi‐Sarpong, C., Thompson, W. N. A., & Bienzle, U.
Affiliations: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
ORCID: Mockenhaupt, Frank P.
Venue: Tropical Medicine & International Health
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-03
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 167-173
ISSN: 1360-2276 (ISSN-L)
1365-3156
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00532.x
OpenAlex: W2033480254
Cited by: 105
References: 26
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 5.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 664 d)
Locations: Tropical Medicine & International Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Royal Society
Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, submicroscopic malaria infection, malaria in pregnancy, gravidity, antimalarial drug use, chloroquine, pyrimethamine, C-reactive protein, anemia, malaria prevalence, Ghana
MeSH terms: Adult, Anemia, Animals, Antimalarials, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Fever, Ghana, Humans, Inflammation, Plasmodium falciparum, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimesters, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Prevalence, Malaria, Falciparum, Parasitemia, Gravidity

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Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnancy in Ghana

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