The pig as a model for human wound healing

Sullivan, Tory P; Eaglstein, William H; Davis, Stephen C; Mertz, Patricia

doi:10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00066.x

Cited by 1,091Wound Healing and TreatmentsTissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineAnimal testing and alternatives

The pig as a model for human wound healing

Sullivan, Tory P, Eaglstein, William H, Davis, Stephen C, Mertz, Patricia·2001·Wound Repair and Regeneration

DOI 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00066.x

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Abstract

The medical literature describes numerous in vitro and in vivo wound-healing models. The selection of an animal model depends on a number of factors including availability, cost, ease of handling, investigator familiarity, and anatomical/functional similarity to humans. Small mammals are frequently used for wound healing studies, however, these mammals differ from humans in a number of anatomical and physiological ways. Anatomically and physiologically, pig skin is more similar to human skin. The many similarities between man and pig would lead one to believe that the pig should make an excellent animal model for human wound healing. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature for evidence of this supposition and determine how well the various models correlate to human wound healing. Studies of wound dressings, topical antimicrobials, and growth factors are examined. Over 180 articles were utilized for this comparative review. Our conclusion is that the porcine model is an excellent tool for the evaluation of therapeutic agents destined for use in human wounds.

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Domestic pigs represent a relevant animal model with a skin highly similar in its architecture to the human skin.
“domestic pigs representing a relevant animal model with a skin highly similar in its architecture to the human skin [25,26].”
From An mRNA Vaccine Encoding Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Induces Protection against Lethal Infection in Mice and Correlates of Protection in Adult and Newborn Pigs (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
The subcutaneous adipose tissue of the swine has a similarly high elastic and collagen fiber content and the animals show a healing mechanism comparable to humans.
“The subcutaneous adipose tissue of the swine has a similarly high elastic and collagen fiber content and the animals show a healing mechanism comparable to humans.26,27,29”
From Detailed Analysis of Insulin Absorption Variability and the Tissue Response to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Catheter Implantation in Swine (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
Like humans, swine has a thick epidermis (70-150 μm), sparse body hair, and a similar composition of the skin lipid layer.
“Like humans it has a thick epidermis (70–150 μm), sparse body hair, and a similar composition of the skin lipid layer.26,29”
From Detailed Analysis of Insulin Absorption Variability and the Tissue Response to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Catheter Implantation in Swine (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
The swine has been described as the most adequate model for human wound healing.
“Although the inflammatory response may be different from humans, the swine has been described as the most adequate model for human wound healing.26–29”
From Detailed Analysis of Insulin Absorption Variability and the Tissue Response to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Catheter Implantation in Swine (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
Pig skin shares many characteristics with human skin, including similarities in the thickness of skin layers, the types and distribution of skin cells, and the mechanisms of skin repair.
“Pig skin was selected based on the many characteristics it shares with human skin, including similarities in the thickness of skin layers, the types and distribution of skin cells, and the mechanisms of skin repair (15–18).”
From Candida auris Forms High-Burden Biofilms in Skin Niche Conditions and on Porcine Skin (2020) · cites this paper as [17]

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Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation
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Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy
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Experimental models and methods for cutaneous wound healing assessment
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Comparison of five dermal substitutes in full-thickness skin wound healing in a porcine model
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Light therapy by blue LED improves wound healing in an excision model in rats
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Tissue‐Engineered Skin Containing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Burn Wounds
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Histological and functional comparisons of four anatomical regions of porcine skin with human abdominal skin
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Cutaneous innervation in impaired diabetic wound healing
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Cellular human tissue-engineered skin substitutes investigated for deep and difficult to heal injuries
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The Problem of Wound Healing in Diabetes—From Molecular Pathways to the Design of an Animal Model
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In vitro and ex vivo systems at the forefront of infection modeling and drug discovery
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Connexins 26, 30, and 43: Differences Among Spontaneous, Chronic, and Accelerated Human Wound Healing
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A porcine model of full-thickness burn, excision and skin autografting
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Impaired wound healing in an acute diabetic pig model and the effects of local hyperglycemia
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Background
Exploring Skin Wound Healing Models and the Impact of Natural Lipids on the Healing Process
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A microenvironment-modulating dressing with proliferative degradants for the healing of diabetic wounds
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Modelling the Complexity of Human Skin In Vitro
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The optimal temperature of first aid treatment for partial thickness burn injuries
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Is There an Ideal Animal Model to Study Hypertrophic Scarring?
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Thermal injury of skin and subcutaneous tissues: A review of experimental approaches and numerical models
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Nanomedicines and gene therapy for the delivery of growth factors to improve perfusion and oxygenation in wound healing
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Dissolving microneedle patches loaded with amphotericin B microparticles for localised and sustained intradermal delivery: Potential for enhanced treatment of cutaneous fungal infections
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The discovery and development of topical medicines for wound healing
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Dermal excisional wound healing in pigs following treatment with topically applied pure oxygen
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The use of a non-cultured autologous cell suspension and Integra® dermal regeneration template to repair full-thickness skin wounds in a porcine model: A one-step process
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Experimental models of acute kidney injury for translational research
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Healing of Chronic Wounds: An Update of Recent Developments and Future Possibilities
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The topical administration of rhEGF-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (rhEGF-NLC) improves healing in a porcine full-thickness excisional wound model
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Prolonged Dietary Selenium Deficiency or Excess Does Not Globally Affect Selenoprotein Gene Expression and/or Protein Production in Various Tissues of Pigs
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Stem Cells in Skin Wound Healing: Are We There Yet?
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The exosomes released from different cell types and their effects in wound healing
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Models of wound healing: an emphasis on clinical studies
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Exploring scarless healing of oral soft tissues.
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Healing Chronic Wounds: Current Challenges and Potential Solutions
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Diabetic Wound Repair: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Opportunities
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Authors: Sullivan, T. P., Eaglstein, W. H., Davis, S. C., & Mertz, P.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
ORCID: Eaglstein, William H
Davis, Stephen C
Venue: Wound Repair and Regeneration
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-03
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 66-76
ISSN: 1067-1927 (ISSN-L)
1524-475X
DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00066.x
OpenAlex: W2060049869
Cited by: 1,091
References: 182
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 1.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 297 d)
Locations: Wound Repair and Regeneration (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
Keywords: porcine model, porcine skin, wound dressings, topical antimicrobial agents, growth factors, translational validity
MeSH terms: Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Burns, Debridement, Epidermal Growth Factor, Epidermis, Growth Substances, Homeostasis, Humans, Occlusive Dressings, Skin, Swine, Wound Healing, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, Models, Animal

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