The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 113 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review
Open accessAbstract
The product. Coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) is an ancien t tropical beverage whose popularity on the international market has been continuously increasing in recent years. Uses. Besides its various traditional uses, this refreshing liqu id extracted from the coconut fruit has recently been described as a "sport beverage" and has drawn the attention of manufacturers as a natural functional drink. Composition. Coconut water has a low matter content (2% to 5% wet basis), mainly comprising sugars and minerals. Quality criteria, such as the water per nut ratio, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), total sugar per nut, and [reducing sugars / total sugars] ratio, are good indicators for estimating the suitability of coconut cultivars for the production of coconut water. Regarding these criteria, dwarf varieties are the most suitable cultivars to obtain a tasty product. Properties. The quality of coconut water can not only be attributed to sugars and minerals because it also has a typical flavour and some original properties. Although many authors have cited medicinal uses or growth-promoting activities, only a few publications have clearly identified the components responsible for these properties. Discussion. Results of former and recent investigations are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for further research to increase our knowledge of this original tropical juice.
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61 No full text of the sources · 30 No basis given · 17 Sources not found · 17 Own interpretation · 11 Own result · 10 Not checked yet · 3 Partly supported · 2 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The characteristics of coconut water make it an ideal rehydrating and refreshing drink after physical exercise [13].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Saat, 2002, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. source
The Discussion says coconut water was sweeter, caused less nausea and stomach discomfort, and was easier to consume; it calls these characteristics ideal for a rehydration fluid. It also concludes that coconut water is suitable as a rehydration solution after exercise. The claim does not assert that it rehydrates better than the comparison drinks. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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In the paper
“Alcohols, ketones, thiols, carboxylic acids, phenols and esters with short carbon chains were also detected in the essential oil of the coconut water, extracted by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction [47].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] da Fonseca, 2009, Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report alcohols, ketones and esters, as well as thiols and carboxylic acids in the hydrodistilled oil of the yellow variety. They do not report phenols; Table 1 also identifies a ten-carbon thiol and a sixteen-carbon acid, so the claim that all listed classes have short carbon chains is not supported. The paper analyzes both hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, but reports different compositions for the two methods. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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In the paper
“Substantial antioxidant activity was also observed using the DPPH assay for extracts of two green and yellow coconut varieties obtained by hydrodistillation and petroleum ether extraction [47].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] da Fonseca, 2009, Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion section reports high DPPH radical-scavenging activity for hydrodistilled extracts from both green and yellow coconut water. It describes the petroleum ether extracts as having only moderate activity, so calling the activity of extracts from both methods substantial overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“It was also easier to drink in large quantities than the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] Saat, 2002, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. source
The Discussion states that coconut water was easier to consume in larger amounts. It also reports that participants finished the last large bolus of coconut water more readily than plain water or the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, which took longer to drink and caused fullness and stomach upset. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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In the paper
“Finally, the mean total sugar contents of tall, dwarf and hybrid coconut water aged from (5 to 12) months exhibited different trends (figure 2).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“The third hybrid (Malayan Yellow Dwarf × West African Tall, or PB121+) exhibited a slight increase in total sugars from (5 to 11) months followed by a decrease between (11 and 13) months.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“Only one of the studied hybrids (Malayan Yellow Dwarf × Rennel Island Tall) exhibited the same bell-curve shape.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“At this stage, ripe coconut water contained around 2% (w/v) of total sugars.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“Like in tall varieties, changes in total sugars followed a more or less bell-shaped curve but reached the maximum at (6, 7, 8 or 9) months depending on the variety and the production area.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“Even though the authors identified the same main components of coconut water, considerable variations in content were observed between investigations.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
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In the paper
“Another hybrid (Malayan Yellow Dwarf × Panama Tall, also called MAYPAN) exhibited more or less constant total sugar contents during maturation.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“At full maturity, reducing sugars (such as glucose and fructose) were mainly replaced by sucrose.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“Subsequently, total sugars rapidly decreased until full ripeness at the age of 12 months.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“In tall coconut varieties, total sugar contents (TS) of coconut water increased from 5 months to reach the maximum at 7 months (figure 2).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“Changes in reducing sugar contents in the coconut water of tall, dwarf and hybrid varieties resembled those in total sugar contents (figure 3).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“Total sugar contents of ripe coconut water of dwarf varieties were higher: between 2.5% and 3.5% (w/v).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“As expected, the total sugar contents of the hybrid (dwarf × tall) coconut water were intermediate.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“Ripe coconut water in tall varieties had very low reducing sugar contents (nearly absent in the West Coast Tall variety).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“In dwarf varieties, reducing sugars remained higher than those in tall varieties, especially between (8 and 12) months.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“For instance, a 7-month-old nut weighing 1.5 kg can include (1.1 to 1.3) kg of husk and shell, i.e., waste.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“At 7 months, total sugars represented more than 75% of the total soluble solids (TSS).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“Using data from table V, the total quantity of sugar of one immature coconut was estimated to be in the range of 9 g to 27 g (two to six teaspoons).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“The [water / nut] ratio computed from the literature ranged between 14% and 26% (figure 4).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“Concerning potassium and sodium, the coconut water of an Arsikere Tall could exhibit 1.5 times higher potassium contents than a Malaysian Yellow Dwarf, both cultivated in India (table V).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“Reducing sugar contents (RS) of coconut water in 7-month-old nuts ranged from (1.2 to 5.1) g•100 mL -1 (table V).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“Whatever the variety, the total sugar contents of the coconut water in 6-or 7-monthold fruits varied from one-to two-fold: in the (2.7 to 7.0) g•100 mL -1 range (table V).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“Total sugar contents (TS) are correlated with total soluble solids (R 2 = 0.622).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“What-ever the stage of maturity, coconut water of tall varieties had the lowest reducing sugar contents.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
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In the paper
“The particularity of the hybrids was higher reducing sugar contents at (12 and 13) months than those of tall and dwarf varieties.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Contrary to total sugar contents (TS), the reducing sugar contents of coconut water appeared not to be correlated with either total soluble solids or total sugar contents.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
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In the paper
“The particular mineral composition and reasonable total sugar content make coconut water a natural isotonic liquid.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Ediriweera, 2003, Cocoinfo Int.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Sugars are the main fraction of soluble solids in coconut water [32,33].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32] Lapitan, 1983, Philipp. Agric.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Pue, 1992, Sci. New Guin.
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In the paper
“Authors agreed that potassium is the main mineral element in coconut water [33,38,39].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Pue, 1992, Sci. New Guin.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Richter, 2005, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. source
- Not matchedcites [39] Uphade, 2008, Int. J. Chem. Sci.
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In the paper
“The vitamin C content varies from (20 to 40) mg•L -1 .”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
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In the paper
“These differences may be due to i) the stage of maturity of the fruits [31,40], ii) the variety [48][49][50] and iii) the cultivation conditions [39,51].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Thampan, 2004, Indian Coconut J.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Santoso, 1996, Food Chem. source
- Not matchedcites [48] Dhamodaran S., Ratnambal M.J., Chempakam B., Pillai R.V., Viraktamath B.C., Evaluation of tendernut water in coconut cultivars, in: Nair M.K., Khan H.H., Gopalasundaram P., Bhaskana Rao E.N.V. (Eds.), Advances in Coconut Research and Development, ISOCRAD II Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. PVT Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1993.
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In the paper
“Like organic acids composed of malic, succinic, citric, acetic and tartaric acids [24,40], which contribute to the taste of coconut water, volatile compounds contribute to the aroma of the fresh liquid.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Among these compounds, ester n-propyl ethanoate, which was present in both extracts, is probably responsible for the flavour of coconut water (table IV).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
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In the paper
“The osmolarity of coconut water is about 300 mOsm•L -1 [36][37][38].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Chavalittamrong, 1982, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health
- Not matchedcites [37] Anzaldo, 1985, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Richter, 2005, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. source
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In the paper
“In case of emergency in remote regions of the world and during World War II, coconut water was used as a short-term intravenous hydration and resuscitation fluid [16,17].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.3. As medicine
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Alanine, arginine, cysteine and serine contents are higher than in cow's milk [42].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42] Woodroof J.G., Coconut storage and processing, and minor uses of products of the coconut tree, in: Coconuts: production, processing, products, Ed. AVI Publ. Co., Westport, Conn., U.S.A., 1970.
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In the paper
“Coconut water (previously called “coconut milk”) has been shown to induce division of mature cells [20,21].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.4. As a growth medium for microorganisms and plants
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Filtered coconut water from young Brazilian coconuts displayed high reductase activity at ambient temperature in a series of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones, suggesting that coconut water is probably still under-used in the organic synthesis research field [27].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.5. As a biocatalyst
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Fonseca, 2009, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which contributes to its very low food energy level, i.e., 44 cal•L -1 .”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with other fruit juices, the dry weight of mature coconut water is very low: 5% to 6% versus 12% to 15% for apple juice.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Samples of green coconut water obtained from a Brazilian research centre and stored at -20 °C revealed peroxydase and tyrosinase (polyphenoloxydase) activity of, respectively, (0.3 and 5.0) U•mL -1 [43]”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Duarte, 2002, Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Coconut water also contains amino acids [23,41].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23] Sierra, 1976, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41] Shivashankar, 1991, J. Plant. Crops.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The most significant change during the ripening process is the volume of nut water [52,53].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.1. Influence of the stage of maturity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Chikkasubbanna V., Jayaprasad K.V., Subbaiah T., Poonacha N.M., Effect of maturity on the chemical composition of tender coconut ( Cocos nucifera L. var. Arsikere Tall) water, Indian Coconut J. 20 (1990) p.10–13.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Jackson, 2004, J. Sci. Food Agric. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this purpose, coconut water from immature fruits was reported to produce better results than water from mature fruits.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.4. As a growth medium for microorganisms and plants
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The main compounds of the mature coconut water were nonanal (14.2%), nonanol (11.2%), heptanal (8.2%), ethyl octanoate (6.2%), heptanol (5.3%) and 2-nonanol (5.1%)”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46] Jirovetz, 2003, Ernähr.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“whereas Santoso et al. observed differences due to potassium, copper and sodium [40].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Santoso, 1996, Food Chem. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Coconut water appears to be able to support the synthesis of proteins from recombinant DNA vectors [26].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.5. As a biocatalyst
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Bustamante, 2004, Electron. J. Biotechnol. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The proportion of ascorbic acid in the AEAC of fruits varied greatly among species, from 0.06% in ciku (Manilkara zapota) to 70.2% in rambutan; it was only 6.1% for coconut water.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Leong, 2002, Food Chem. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The salinity of the water used for irrigation led to lower fruit mean weight and lower volume of water, but increased the electrical conductivity and the amount of total soluble solids.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Neto, 2002, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“According to Mantena et al., antioxidant activity was highest in fresh coconut water samples and decreased significantly on heating, acid or alkali treatments or dialysis [74].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Mantena, 2003, Nahrung source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The salinity of the water used for irrigation led to lower fruit mean weight and lower volume of water, but increased the electrical conductivity and the amount of total soluble solids.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Neto, 2002, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the measurement of total soluble solids by hand refractometer might be a simple indicator for total sugar contents of 7-month-old coconuts.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“These authors demonstrated that, using the green dwarf variety, nuts can be harvested at 7 months if the salinity of the irrigation water is below 10 dS•m -1 .”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Marinho, 2006, Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The coconut water had higher chloride and potassium ion contents [70].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Neto, 2002, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, after sterilisation and appropriate conditioning, a storage period of six months at ambient temperature did not affect the microbial growth capacity of coconut water.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] Osazuwa, 1989, Niger. J. Palms Oil Seeds
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At a given stage of maturity, the biochemical composition of coconut water is highly influenced by the variety.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In comparison with nutrient broth, using sterilised clarified coconut water as a growth medium reduced the lag phase and enhanced the log phase of eight different microorganisms including E. coli and S. aureus [9].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] Osazuwa, 1989, Niger. J. Palms Oil Seeds
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though these were dwarf varieties, and thus premature, these coconut palms were probably not at their maximum production stage but at their growing stage.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Except for the fact that fruits were heavier and longer using conventional cultivation practices, no difference in the quality of the coconut water was detected between the cultivation practices.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Da Silva, 2009, Ciênc. Agrotecnol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The maturity of coconut drastically decreased the scavenging ability of coconut water against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] and superoxide radicals.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Mantena, 2003, Nahrung source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The salinity of the water used for irrigation led to lower fruit mean weight and lower volume of water, but increased the electrical conductivity and the amount of total soluble solids.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Neto, 2002, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The proportion of ascorbic acid in the AEAC of fruits varied greatly among species, from 0.06% in ciku (Manilkara zapota) to 70.2% in rambutan; it was only 6.1% for coconut water.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Leong, 2002, Food Chem. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Unlike potassium, nitrogen supplementation is expected to have a negative effect on the water volume, weight and number of fruits per bunch.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with N supplementation.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At higher concentrations, poor yields were obtained.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Marinho, 2006, Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, mineral contents are difficult to compare among varieties, since they are strongly dependant on cultivation practices and in particular on the fertilisers or manure applied to coconut palm orchards.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Except for the fact that fruits were heavier and longer using conventional cultivation practices, no difference in the quality of the coconut water was detected between the cultivation practices.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Da Silva, 2009, Ciênc. Agrotecnol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It appeared that potassium supplementation had an effect on the potassium content of coconut water and the amount of soluble solids in 7-month-old nuts.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, it should be noted that the investigations were only carried out on 3-year-old coconut palms [67].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Da Silva, 2006, Rev. Bras. Frutic. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to Mantena et al., antioxidant activity was highest in fresh coconut water samples and decreased significantly on heating, acid or alkali treatments or dialysis [74].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Mantena, 2003, Nahrung source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among 27 tropical fruits purchased in supermarkets and wholesale outlets in Singapore, coconut water had the lowest AEAC (L-ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity): 11.5 AEAC (mg•100 g -1 ) and an ascorbic acid (AA) content of 0.7 mg•100 g -1 [73].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Leong, 2002, Food Chem. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among 27 tropical fruits purchased in supermarkets and wholesale outlets in Singapore, coconut water had the lowest AEAC (L-ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity): 11.5 AEAC (mg•100 g -1 ) and an ascorbic acid (AA) content of 0.7 mg•100 g -1 [73].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Leong, 2002, Food Chem. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analyses by gas chromatography with electron capture and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection did not detect any pesticide residues in a set of 15 coconut water samples [71].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] Brito, 2002, J. Chromatogr. A. source
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In comparison with nutrient broth, using sterilised clarified coconut water as a growth medium reduced the lag phase and enhanced the log phase of eight different microorganisms including E. coli and S. aureus [9].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] Osazuwa, 1989, Niger. J. Palms Oil Seeds
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The salinity of the water used for irrigation led to lower fruit mean weight and lower volume of water, but increased the electrical conductivity and the amount of total soluble solids.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Neto, 2002, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The sensory analysis of coconut water in nuts from fields fertilised with NPK was normal.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Da Silva, 2006, Rev. Bras. Frutic. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These small peptides, namely Cn-AMPs, had molecular masses of 858 Da, 1249 Da and 950 Da.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Mandal, 2009, Peptides source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the synthesis of biochemical data, it is clear that dwarf coconut varieties, with their small nuts, high volume of water, high sugar contents and good organoleptic scores, are the most suitable cultivars to obtain a sweet and tasty product.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 5. Conclusion and future prospects
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of both polyols and phytohormones could explain the growthpromoting action of coconut water.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Shantz and Steward first extracted some of the growth-promoting substances [75], which were later identified by Pollard et al. as sorbitol, myo-inositol and scyllo-inositol [21].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Pollard J.K., Shantz E.M., Steward F.C., Hexitols in coconut milk: their role in nurture of dividing cells, Plant Physiol. (1961) 492–501. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cn-AMPs showed remarkable potential for the development of novel antibiotics from natural sources.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Mandal, 2009, Peptides source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its low acidity combined with well-balanced sugar content and isotonic mineral composition makes it a potential rehydration and sport drink.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 5. Conclusion and future prospects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“kinetin (free base and riboside), which has strong anti-ageing effects on human skin [84]”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Rattan, 1994, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, the presence of L-arginine (300 mg•L -1 ) in coconut water could have a cardioprotective effect through its production of nitric oxide, which favours vasorelaxation [89].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [89] Anurag, 2007, Indian Coconut J.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A high-quality NiFe 2 O 4 nanosized powder was prepared by a new route using a natural proteic solution of coconut water and metal ions [95].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.4. Contribution to the nanoworld
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] De Paiva, 2009, J. Alloys Compd. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The magnetic properties of the resulting nanoparticles were size-dependent.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.4. Contribution to the nanoworld
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] De Paiva, 2009, J. Alloys Compd. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One of these cytokinins, kinetin, shows an antithrombotic activity [93] and a real potential power to reduce certain types of mammalian tumors [94].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] Hsiao, 2003, Eur. J. Pharmacol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), three peptides < 3 kDa were purified and identified.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Mandal, 2009, Peptides source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quality criteria such as the water per nut ratio, Total Soluble Solids content (TSS), total sugar per nut, [reducing sugars / total sugars] ratio, and, to a lesser extent, potassium content, are good indicators for estimating the suitability of coconut cultivars for the production of coconut water as a beverage.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 5. Conclusion and future prospects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Concerning blood pressure, a mixture of coconut water and Mauby bark syrup (Colubrina arborescens) from Trinidad and Tobago could have a beneficial effect on human hypertension [88].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] Alleyne, 2005, West Indian Med. J. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One of these cytokinins, kinetin, shows an antithrombotic activity [93] and a real potential power to reduce certain types of mammalian tumors [94].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] Vermeulen, 2002, Leukemia source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Concerning nutraceutical effects, coconut water reduced histopathological changes in the brain induced by hormonal imbalance in menopausal women [91].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Radenahmad, 2009, Histol. Histopathol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Samples were immature green coconuts from Malaysia or Thailand.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77][78][79][80][81][82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Ma, 2008, Anal. Chim. Acta source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Myo-inositol was shown to play a major role in promoting cell division in carrot explants, followed by sorbitol and scyllo-inositol.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Pollard J.K., Shantz E.M., Steward F.C., Hexitols in coconut milk: their role in nurture of dividing cells, Plant Physiol. (1961) 492–501. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nine phytohormones were detected and quantified in coconut water: zeatin-Oglucoside, dihydrozeatin-O-glucoside, kinetin (free base and riboside), which has strong anti-ageing effects on human skin [84], ZMP (trans-zeatin riboside 5'-monophosphate), gibberellins (GA 1 and GA 3 ), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and ABA (abscisic acid).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77][78][79][80][81][82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Ma, 2008, Anal. Chim. Acta source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A similar hypolipidemic effect of coconut water and lovostatin (a lipid-lowering drug) was detected in rats fed a fat/cholesterol-enriched diet [90].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] Sandhya, 2008, Food Chem. Toxicol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Coconut water was significantly sweeter, caused less nausea, fullness and no stomach upset.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Saat, 2002, J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says coconut water was significantly sweeter and caused less nausea, fullness, and stomach upset than the other drinks. But the Fluid sensory scale results qualify that summary: coconut water was not significantly sweeter than the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, and differences in nausea, fullness, and stomach upset were significant only at specified times or against specified comparators. The claim overstates how consistently those comparisons held. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All coconut waters from hybrid varieties exhibited different total sugar contents and a wide range of metabolism.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In dwarf varieties, coconut water had the highest total sugar contents and, in tall varieties, the lowest.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The [PPO / POD] ratio appears to vary considerably, ranging from 0.2 to 16.7.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, the reducing sugar contents of coconut water in dwarf varieties was the highest throughout the ripening process, except for the last 3 months when hybrid varieties were higher.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the 42 varieties analysed, eighteen were tall, seventeen were dwarf and seven varieties were hybrids.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The [RS / TS] ratio ranged from 52% to 99% and varied among varieties (figure 5).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most coconut water from tall varieties had [RS / TS] ratios below 75%, whereas dwarf varieties generally had ratios higher than 75%.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Asia, and especially in India, tender, i.e., immature, coconuts are offered as ceremonial gifts and serve as purification media at traditional events [10].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.1. As a religious symbol
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] Rethinam, 2001, Indian Coconut J.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] Augustine S.P., Wine produced using tender coconut and product, Patent US2007/017897 A1, Inde, 2007.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] Rethinam, 2001, Indian Coconut J.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Coconut water is traditionally prescribed for burning pain during urination, dysuria, gastritis, burning pain of the eyes, indigestion, hiccups or even expelling of retained placenta.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.3. As medicine
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Ediriweera, 2003, Cocoinfo Int.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11] Sanchez P.C., Collado L.S., Gerpacio C.L., Lapitan H., Village level technology of processing coconut water vinegar, Philipp. Agric. (1985) 439–448.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Coconut water is not only a tropical beverage but also a traditional medicine [2], a microbiological growth medium [9] and a ceremonial gift [10], and can be processed into vinegar [11] or wine [12].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] Osazuwa, 1989, Niger. J. Palms Oil Seeds
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Optimum activities of polyphenoloxydase (PPO) and peroxydase (POD) in green coconut water occurred at pH 6.0 and pH 5.5 and at temperatures of 25 °C and 35 °C, respectively [44].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Campos, 1996, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of coconut water that can be harvested from each nut is about 300 mL, but depends to a great extent on the stage of maturity and on the variety of coconut.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More than 30 compounds were identified in the coconut headspace samples.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Jirovetz, 2003, Ernähr.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coconut water in its envelope is sterile and composed of both organic and inorganic compounds (almost all minerals found in food).”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The main sugars in mature coconut water are sucrose, sorbitol, glucose and fructose [34,35], followed by minor sugars including galactose, xylose and mannose.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34] Del Rosario, 1984, Trans. the Natl. Acad. Sci. Technol.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Ogundiya, 1991, J. Sci. Food Agric. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coconut water has a specific taste and flavour, different from the wellknown fragrance of the coconut kernel.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At full maturity (12 months), coconut water represents between 15% and 30% of the weight of the nut.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to Thampan and Rethinam, the major differences in mineral composition between immature and mature coconut water were due to potassium, chloride, iron and sulphur content [31]”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Thampan, 2004, Indian Coconut J.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The vitamin B group is present in coconut water with 0.64 µg•mL -1 of nicotinic acid and 0.52 µg•mL -1 of panthotenic acid [31].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Thampan, 2004, Indian Coconut J.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Respective molecular weights for POD and PPO were 49.2 kDa and 73.8 kDa by gel filtration and 44.63 kDa for peroxidase by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) [43].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Duarte, 2002, Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From that stage, the sucrose content increased until it comprised about 40% of total soluble sugars (TSS) at the full maturity stage, while glucose and fructose fell, respectively, from 40% to 10% of TSS and 55% to 25% of TSS during the same period.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > Table IV.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Assa, 2007, Agron. Afr.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As for avocado fruits [45], the relative importance of the enzyme activities and their substrates, mainly phenolic compounds, probably changes at different physiological stages of the fruit.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Golan, 1977, J. Agric. Food Chem. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, the growth of spinach tissue on a medium supplemented with 10% to 15% (v/v) mature coconut water increased the weight of spinach callus after 5 weeks and accelerated shoot regeneration (4-5 weeks instead of 8-12 weeks without) [22].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 2.4. As a growth medium for microorganisms and plants
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Al-Khayri, 1992, HortScience source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even in similar coconut varieties, it fluctuates between 0.3 and 16.7, suggesting that enzyme activity probably depends on the history of the coconut fruit: variety, cultivation conditions, stage of maturity at harvest, storage conditions of the fruit and even”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They account for only 0.4% to 1% of the liquid volume, but nevertheless contribute to its isotonic properties.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Shantz and Steward first extracted some of the growth-promoting substances [75], which were later identified by Pollard et al. as sorbitol, myo-inositol and scyllo-inositol [21].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Shantz, 1952, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The effect of phosphorus supplementation appeared to be similar.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Coconut water was highly sensitive to fluctuations in potassium and sodium inputs and also sensitive to phosphorus, sulphur and chloride supplementation.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Jeganathan, 1992, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A classification of coconut cultivars according to the [RS / TS] ratio of their water should be possible.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.2. Influence of the variety
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only a few of the molecules responsible for medicinal or nutraceutical properties have been scientifically investigated.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4. Properties
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This result emphasised the organic nature of coconut water, which is often cultivated by small-scale farmers in developing countries with no chemical inputs [72].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Assa, 2006, Sci. Nat.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The coconut kernel had higher values than the coconut water.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.1. Antioxidant activity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Leong, 2002, Food Chem. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a beverage, the sensorial properties of coconut water have rarely been studied, especially colour and flavour.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4. Properties
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The coconut water had higher chloride and potassium ion contents [70].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 3.3. Influence of cultivation practices
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Neto, 2002, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, none of these studies took into account either the origin or the stage of maturity of the coconut fruits.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 5. Conclusion and future prospects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In fact, the latter (previously called cocositol) was first isolated from coconut leaves by Müller [76].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Müller, 1907, J. Chem. Soc. Trans. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the quality of coconut water can not only be attributed to sugars and minerals because it also has a typical flavour (not yet clearly characterised) and some original properties.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 5. Conclusion and future prospects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This new method of preparation was revealed to be a cheap and efficient way to obtain high-quality nickel ferrite nanosized powders.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.4. Contribution to the nanoworld
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] De Paiva, 2009, J. Alloys Compd. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, immature coconut fruits have a better mineral composition and a higher volume [87] and would be more suitable for future research on intravenous use.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Goldsmith, 1961, Br. J. Surg. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“But, as stated by Campbell-Falk et al., coconut water does not appear to be an ideal solution for long-term resuscitation but may serve as a temporary alternative in emergencies [16].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Campbell-Falck, 2000, Am. J. Emerg. Med. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The interest in using coconut water was that it naturally contains a large protein chain which can easily bind to metal ions.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.4. Contribution to the nanoworld
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] De Paiva, 2009, J. Alloys Compd. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nothing was known about their growing, harvesting and storage conditions, or their stage of maturity, which could have a major influence on the quality and amount of both polyols and phytohormones.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77][78][79][80][81][82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Ma, 2008, Anal. Chim. Acta source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“As an intravenous fluid, Anzaldo et al. infused (500 to 700) mL of coconut water into nine human volunteers and did not detect any significant change either in the electrolytic composition of the blood, or in blood pressure, pulse rate or respiration [37].”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37] Anzaldo, 1985, Philipp. J. Coconut Stud.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nothing was known about their growing, harvesting and storage conditions, or their stage of maturity, which could have a major influence on the quality and amount of both polyols and phytohormones.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the latter result was based on mature coconut water.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.3. Medicinal and nutraceutical properties
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Campbell-Falck, 2000, Am. J. Emerg. Med. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite their very interesting and important results, the authors unfortunately worked on unidentified cultivars and purchased their coconut fruits in local supermarkets.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > 4.2. Growth-promoting factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [77][78][79][80][81][82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Ma, 2008, Anal. Chim. Acta source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The literature data from different studies on coconut water composition are comparable enough to be combined and analysed together.
“To summarise knowledge of the ripening process, we computed and analysed these results (figures 2, 3).”
“To obtain exhaustive information on the components of coconut water, data from nine articles representing 48 accessions of coconut palms and 42 different varieties were analysed (table V).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 6-7 month stage is the most palatable stage for drinking coconut water.
“This stage of maturity is also claimed by many authors to be the most palatable for drinking coconut water.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The enzymes polyphenoloxydase and peroxydase are responsible for the discoloration frequently observed in coconut water.
“These enzymes are assumed to be responsible for the discoloration (pink, yellow or brown) frequently observed in coconut water.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most of the original properties of coconut water are due to minor components such as minerals, volatile aromatic molecules, polyols or small peptides.
“Most of the original properties of coconut water are due to minor components such as minerals, volatile aromatic molecules, polyols or small peptides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coconut water is considered to be a natural medicine in different civilisations.
“As coconut water is considered to be a natural medicine in different civilisations, it was screened to identify defense peptides with bactericidal properties [86].”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Coconut water is practically sterile in the coconut and is widely consumed as a drink, prized for its delicate, albeit labile, flavor when fresh.”
From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As with fruit juices, coconut water contains significant concentrations of potassium (mean K ¼ 2019 mg/kg, r ¼ 338-3080 mg/kg, n ¼ 31 from nine studies) (1).”
From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, CW contains higher levels of alanine, arginine, cysteine, and serine compared to milk, and these amino acids might be associated with the discoloration of CW [30].”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, Prades et al. (1) reported that the variation in total sugars in water from mature coconuts, from various varieties and origin, was in the range of 1.8-4.4g/ 100 mL.”
From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This practically sterile liquid which is prized for its delicate, albeit labile, flavor when fresh”
From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“hence the most that can be said is that coconut water sodium ion concentrations are highly variable.”
From Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water - a Critical Review (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A metabolite presenting a pleasant and overripe aroma, 2-heptanol was reported as one of volatile alcohols naturally found in coconut water [4] and related products, including coconut meat [34,35] and coconut milk [36,37].”
From Dynamic Changes in Physicochemical and Microbiological Qualities of Coconut Water during Postharvest Storage under Different Conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
“Compared with other fruit juices, the dry weight of mature coconut water is very low: 5% to 6% versus 12% to 15% for apple juice.”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
“Mean 243 5.5 4.5 2.7 3.0 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.25 0.51 0.43”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Malayan Tall [40] 385 5.2 5.6 4.4 5.1 2.9 1.5 1.4 0.51 0.14 0.46”
§ Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review > A. Prades et al.
Reported 4.4 · recomputed 8
Citations
Cites
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The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water
Yong, J. W. H., Ge, L., Ng, Y. F., & Tan, S. N. (2009) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules14125144 · Cited by 753
Processing fruits : science and technology
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The intravenous use of coconut water
Campbell-Falck, D., Thomas, T., Falck, T. M., Tutuo, N., & Clem, K. (2000) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0735-6757(00)90062-7 · Cited by 201
Factors in Coconut Milk Essential for Growth and Development of Very Young Datura Embryos
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Kinetin Delays the Onset of Aging Characteristics in Human Fibroblasts
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Li, C., Wang, L., Qin, Y. F., Liu, F., Shen, Y., & Li, Z. (2022) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202201407 · Cited by 143
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Khirade, P. P., Chavan, A. R., Somvanshi, S. B., Kounsalye, J. S., & Jadhav, K. M. (2020) · Materials Research Express · doi:10.1088/2053-1591/abca6c · Cited by 96
Kumar, M., Saini, S. S., Agrawal, P. K., Roy, P., & Sircar, D. (2021) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103738 · Cited by 94
Coconut Palm: Food, Feed, and Nutraceutical Properties
Mat, K., Abdul Kari, Z., Rusli, N. D., Che Harun, H., Wei, L. S., Rahman, M. M., Mohd Khalid, H. N., Mohd Ali Hanafiah, M. H., Mohamad Sukri, S. A., Raja Khalif, R. I. A., et al. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12162107 · Cited by 92
Metadata
- Authors
- Prades, A., Dornier, M., Diop, N., & Pain, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- UMR QualiSud (FR)
- Institut Agro Montpellier (FR)
- Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (SN)
- Venue
- Fruits
- Publisher
- CABI Publishing
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 87-107
- ISSN
- 0248-1294 (ISSN-L)
- 1625-967X
- OpenAlex
- W2051937794
- Semantic Scholar
- b483e52bddd2c44e25ee397d09c49b61721a3c30
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Fruits (publishedVersion)
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Agritrop (Cirad) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Coconut Research and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
- Keywords
- coconut water, nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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