The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 113 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease
Open accessAbstract
The mutual relationship between the intestinal microbiota and its mammalian host is influenced by diet. Consumption of various nutrients affects the structure of the microbial community and provides substrates for microbial metabolism. The microbiota can produce small molecules that are absorbed by the host and affect many important physiological processes. Age-dependent and societal differences in the intestinal microbiota could result from differences in diet. Examples include differences in the intestinal microbiota of breastfed vs formula-fed infants or differences in microbial richness in people who consume an agrarian plant-based vs a Western diet, which is high in meat and fat. We review how diet affects the structure and metabolome of the human intestinal microbiome and may contribute to health or the pathogenesis of disorders such as coronary vascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease.
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In the paper
“The initial intestinal colonization pattern depends upon mode of delivery1.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Dominguez-Bello, 2011, Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights from high-throughput sequencing, Gastroenterology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mutual relationship between the intestinal microbiota and its mammalian host is influenced by diet.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MOS are indigestible glycans that remain whole as they travel through the intestinal tract to the colon, where they nourish specific colonic bacteria.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“A healthy human fetus develops in an environment that is thought to be largely sterile1.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Dominguez-Bello, 2011, Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights from high-throughput sequencing, Gastroenterology source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“There was also a shift towards a more stable, adult-like microbiota with weaning3.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Koenig, 2011, Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple studies have established differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota based on whether infants are breast- or formula-fed5-7.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Penders, 2006, Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy, Pediatrics source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Stark, 1982, The microbial ecology of the large bowel of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life, J Med Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Yoshioka, 1983, Development and differences of intestinal flora in the neonatal period in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, Pediatrics source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarities among individual infants can be attributed to the major taxonomic groups associated with the infant diet.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Ultimately, the intestinal microbiota of the young resemble that of the adult by approximately the age of 34 (Figure 1).”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Yatsunenko, 2012, Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is believed that MOS benefit the infant by functioning as prebiotics and selectively promoting growth of members of the genus Bifidobacterium.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The microbiota can produce small molecules that are absorbed by the host and affect many important physiological processes.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
In the paper
“Bifidobacteria are also thought to modulate the intestinal immune system and have been shown to increase the production of immunoglobulin A14.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Ouwehand, 2002, The role of the intestinal microflora for the development of the immune system in early childhood, Eur J Nutr
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Infants born vaginally are initially colonized by bacterial taxa found in the vagina, such as Lactobacillus and Prevotella, whereas infants who are born by Cesarean section are initially colonized by bacteria found in the skin microbiota2.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Dominguez-Bello, 2010, Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Human milk oligosaccharides (MOS) are bioactive compounds that are the third largest component of human milk10.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] LoCascio, 2010, Broad conservation of milk utilization genes in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis as revealed by comparative genomic hybridization, Appl Environ Microbiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the first year of life, there are significant inter-individual differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, yet some similarities exist.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Significant colonization of the gut begins immediately after delivery although, remarkably, bacteria can be found in an infant's first meconium2.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Dominguez-Bello, 2010, Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some of the differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in breast-fed vs formula-fed infants are thought to be secondary to the effects of MOS on these bacteria—many studies have shown an increased proportion of Bifidobacteria in breast-fed infants 6, 7, 11 compared to formula-fed infants.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Stark, 1982, The microbial ecology of the large bowel of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life, J Med Microbiol source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Yoshioka, 1983, Development and differences of intestinal flora in the neonatal period in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, Pediatrics source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Balmer, 1989, Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: breast milk and infant formula, Arch Dis Child source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“differences in microbial richness in individuals consuming an agrarian plant-based vs a Western diet, which is high in meat and fat.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After this primary inoculation, infants are regularly exposed to microbes, and diversity increases rapidly3.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Koenig, 2011, Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consumption of various nutrients affects the structure of the microbial community and provides substrates for microbial metabolism.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a greater proportion of Prevotella in the human intestinal microbiota is a marker of residence in an agrarian culture, whereas a greater proportion of Bacteroides is associated with residence in more-industrialized regions38.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Arumugam, 2011, Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“differences in the taxonomy of the intestinal microbiota were associated with residence in different environments. The most extreme differences were observed in community residence vs long-term residential care, attributed to differences in diet—community residents typically consume diets higher in fiber and lower in fat42.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Claesson, 2012, Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly, Nature source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Short-term dietary interventions in healthy humans lead to statistically significant and rapid alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, but the magnitude of the effect is modest relative to inter-subject variability in the intestinal microbiota, and changes in taxonomy are not consistent among individuals30.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“aerobic organisms seem to be more prevalent in the feces of breast-fed infants, whereas anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic organisms, which preferentially use anerobic glycolysis, are more commonly found in the feces of formula-fed infants6.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Stark, 1982, The microbial ecology of the large bowel of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life, J Med Microbiol source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The MetaHit consortium has proposed that individuals can be classified as having intestinal microbiota predominantly composed of Prevotella or Bacteroides; a third group has higher proportions of Ruminococcus, compared with the others. These categories have been named “enterotypes”38.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Arumugam, 2011, Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome, Nature source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“certain Bacteroides strains are able to digest MOS,22 suggesting a potential competitive relationship between Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides in breast-fed infants.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet and the Early Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Marcobal, 2011, Bacteroides in the infant gut consume milk oligosaccharides via mucus-utilization pathways, Cell Host Microbe source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A better term might be enterogradient, based on whether Bacteroides or Prevotella dominate the intestinal microbial community—it appears that these 2 genera generally do not exist in equal proportions in the human intestine 41.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Faust, 2012, Microbial co-occurrence relationships in the human microbiome, PLoS Comput Biol source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, Bacteroides and Prevotella are taxonomically and functionally similar genera, yet do not co-exist in the intestine; this is an exception to the model, possibly resulting from competition within the same niche41.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Faust, 2012, Microbial co-occurrence relationships in the human microbiome, PLoS Comput Biol source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The microbiota of children in Burkina Faso had greater amounts of Prevotella, lower amounts of Bacteroides, overall greater microbial richness, and produced higher levels of short-chain fatty acids than the microbiota of European children.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] De Filippo, 2010, Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Foods rich in phosphatidylcholine are a major source of choline.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the effects that diet can have on the structure and function of the intestinal microbiome, it is reasonable to suspect that diet may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, or even a potential therapeutic target.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In composite, studies associating diet with the intestinal microbiome have consistently associated agrarian-based diets (high in fruits, vegetables, and fiber) with distinct bacterial taxa, an increase in bacterial richness at the taxonomic and gene level, and better health, compared with Western diets.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Co-abundance groups were associated with the health status of elderly individuals—diets higher in fruits, vegetable, and fiber (associated with community residence) were linked to lower levels of frailty.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Claesson, 2012, Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly, Nature source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Catabolism of choline by the intestinal microbiota results in the formation of the gas, trimethylamine (TMA), which is metabolized by the liver into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)—a small molecule that is strongly associated with the increased risk for coronary vascular disease in humans.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“increased consumption of fruits and vegetables in higher-fiber diets and energy-restricted diets were both associated with increased bacterial gene richness (Figure 2)43, 44.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TMAO was also found to promote the development of atherosclerosis in animal models, providing the first link between dietary lipid intake, the intestinal microbiota, and the risk for the development of atherosclerosis57.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Wang, 2011, Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease, Nature source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review concluded that diets with high levels of total fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were associated with an increased risk of CD and UC; high fiber and high fruit intake were associated with a decreased risk of CD, whereas high vegetable intake was associated with a decreased for UC65.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Hou, 2011, Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature, Am J Gastroenterol source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“diet might also affect intestinal fungal communities, which have been associated with pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)49.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Iliev, 2012, Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis, Science source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“indigestible carbohydrates in the diet are fermented by the intestinal microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids, which regulate immune function54, 55, intestinal hormone production, and lipogenesis56.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Maslowski, 2009, Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Smith, 2013, The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Samuel, 2008, Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“increased bacterial gene richness was also associated with human health, whereas lower bacterial richness was associated with obesity, insulin resistance, dylipidemia, and inflammatory disorders.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Diet Helps Shape the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings support the effects of diet on the structure and metabolome of the gut microbiome and its importance in disease pathogenesis.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because dietary antigens can stimulate the mucosal immune system, bowel rest with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been used to treat certain patients with IBD72.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Graham, 2002, Nutritional factors in inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterol Clin North Am source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this model system, the exacerbation of colitis may involve a direct effect of Bilophila wadsworthia, which promote a T helper 1 cell-mediated immune response and/or the production of hydrogen sulfide, a toxic small molecule that disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier function70.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Sartor, 2012, Gut microbiota: Diet promotes dysbiosis and colitis in susceptible hosts, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is possible that bowel rest alters the gut microbiota in a way that reduces symptoms of IBD, because fasting has been shown to have an effect on the gut microbiota in mice75.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Crawford, 2009, Regulation of myocardial ketone body metabolism by the gut microbiota during nutrient deprivation, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a prospective study of 30 patients with CD treated with bowel rest and TPN, 25 (83%) achieved initial remission, but relapse was common73.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Muller, 1983, Total parenteral nutrition as the sole therapy in Crohn's disease—a prospective study, Br J Surg source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consumption of milk fat has been shown to alter bile acid composition, promoting expansion of the sulphite-reducing pathobiont Bilophila wadsworthia and exacerbating colitis in IL10 knockout mice69.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Devkota, 2012, Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice, Nature source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, nutritional therapy has been shown to be effective for patients with CD, although its mechanism of action has not been characterized.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: EEN has no serious associated side effects.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) with elemental, semi-elemental, and defined formula diets have been widely studied for their ability to induce remission in patients with CD and are considered first-line therapy in certain parts of the world76, 77.”
§ Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease > Effects of Diet on the Microbial Metabolome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Sandhu, 2010, Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in children in the United Kingdom, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
- Not checked yetcites [77] Caprilli, 2006, European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: special situations, Gut source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: EEN has no serious associated side effects.
The paper relies on this without support.
Breastfeeding has established health benefits.
“Given the health benefits associated with breast feeding, there are ongoing attempts to develop infant formulas that are more similar in composition and function to breast milk.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diet has a role in development of many human gastrointestinal diseases (colon cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatosis, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac sprue) and several of these are also associated with alterations in the gut microbiota.
“Diet has a role in development of many human gastrointestinal diseases (colon cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatosis, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac sprue) and several of these are also associated with alterations in the gut microbiota.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A direct link between diet, the intestinal microbiome, and disease pathogenesis has not been demonstrated for most of these illnesses, even in animal models.
“However, a direct link between diet, the intestinal microbiome, and disease pathogenesis has not been demonstrated for most of these illnesses, even in animal models.”
The paper relies on this without support.
EEN has no serious associated side effects.
“EEN is an alternative to potent pharmacological agents and has no serious associated side effects.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Extreme dietary shifts, however, are thought to illicit a more pronounced effect [41].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“The magnitude of the effect on the gut microbiota in short-term dietary interventions is thought to be relatively modest in relation to the inter-individual variability of the microbial profile [41].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Conversely, residence in industrialised countries and consumption of Western diets, which are mainly omnivore-type diets, apparently lead to a composition of the microbiota that is more associated with different types of disease.3”
From High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The intestinal microbiome can be considered a useful biomarker of long-term consumption of healthy or unhealthy diets.3”
From High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Extreme dietary changes, such as adoption of a ketogenic diet, produce immediate profound changes in the human gut microbiome. Less dramatic interventions produce mild to moderate changes that vary from person to person and tend to be less than inter-individual variability.155”
From The Gut Microbiome and the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“It is generally accepted that a Western, omnivore-type diet, high in saturated fat, animal protein, and refined carbohydrates but inadequate amounts of dietary fiber shifts the composition of the microbiota to a more diseaseassociated type (203).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [203]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The stated direction of IBD risk reverses the earlier dietary associations
Minor"Respectively" assigns increased IBD risk to an agrarian plant-based diet and decreased risk to a Western diet. Earlier, the paper associates fiber, fruit, and vegetables with lower IBD risk and meat and fats with higher risk.
“altering the gut microbiota community structure and/or its metabolome via consumption of an agrarian plant-based vs a Western diet might increase or decrease, respectively the risk for IBD.”
“A systematic review concluded that diets with high levels of total fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were associated with an increased risk of CD and UC; high fiber and high fruit intake were associated with a decreased risk of CD, whereas high vegetable intake was associated with a decreased for UC65.”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Albenberg, L. G., & Wu, G. D.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Gary D.
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1564-1572
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4216184
- OpenAlex
- W2067791097
- Cited by
- 606
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM103591)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK089472, UH2/3 DK083981, UH3DK083981, UH2DK083981)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- diet, gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, host-microbe interactions, breastfeeding, infant formula, plant-based diet, Western diet, coronary vascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Diet, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Health Status, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Metabolomics, Metabolome, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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