Cited by 2,137Acute Ischemic Stroke ManagementCardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsGlobal Health and Epidemiology

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Global Burden of Stroke

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Katan, Mira, Luft, Andreas·2018·Seminars in Neurology

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Abstract

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Its incidence is increasing because the population ages. In addition, more young people are affected by stroke in low- and middle-income countries. Ischemic stroke is more frequent but hemorrhagic stroke is responsible for more deaths and disability-adjusted life-years lost. Incidence and mortality of stroke differ between countries, geographical regions, and ethnic groups. In high-income countries mainly, improvements in prevention, acute treatment, and neurorehabilitation have led to a substantial decrease in the burden of stroke over the past 30 years. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical data concerning stroke incidence and burden around the globe.

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“Stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability worldwide, affecting approximately 15 million global citizens annually [1].”
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Hohsoh, N., Sanghan, T., Chong, D. Y. R., Stojanović, G. M., & Chatpun, S. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18473 · Cited by 7
“Stroke is the second leading cause of death, as well as the leading cause of long-term disability worldwide ( Katan & Luft, 2018 ).”
Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Future Stroke: Evidence From CHARLS and Mendelian Randomization Analyses
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“Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a major cause of disability, with its incidence increasing due to an aging population (Katan & Luft, 2018 ).”
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“Stroke remains a significant cause of mortality and long-term disability in several individuals worldwide [1, 2].”
Epidemiology of stroke in Pakistan and its provinces, 1990–2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021
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“Stroke remains a critical global health challenge, particularly in low-and middle-income countries, with persistently high incidence and mortality rates [1,2].”
The potential and therapeutic advances of the integrin family in neurological disorders
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Natural, Engineered, and Hybrid Platelet Membrane–Based Nanotherapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases
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Association of affected lower limb flexor muscle strength with swing phase duration and gait speed in elderly post-stroke patients
Moftah, E., Vennu, V. S., Abdulrahman, T. A., Alnahdi, A. H., Balubaid, H. H., Alghamdi, G., Alonazi, S., Abunassif, S., & Bindawas, S. M. (2020) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-203150 · Cited by 7
Independent and combined effect of income and education attainment on the incidence of stroke events: a large-scale cohort study from rural communities in China
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“Stroke has been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in our world [1,2].”
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Galectin-3 is associated with the functional outcome and mortality in stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Cost-effectiveness of improvement strategies for reperfusion treatments in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review
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Effect of Balance Training in Sitting Position Using Visual Feedback on Balance and Gait Ability in Chronic Stroke Patients
Yeo, S. S., Koo, D.-K., Ko, S.-Y., & Park, G. Y. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12134383 · Cited by 7
The identification of novel stroke-related sphingolipid biomarkers using UPLC-MS/MS
Yang, Z., Deng, X., Zhu, J., Chen, S., Jiao, C., & Ruan, Y. (2023) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117652 · Cited by 7
Effectiveness of a Health Education Program for Patients Who Had a Stroke and Their Caregivers by Controlling Modifiable Risk Factors to Reduce Stroke Recurrence in a Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
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“People are affected by stroke in both low-income and high-income countries, and most cases have been reported in older age groups [4,5], although it has also been reported in younger individuals, especially in low-income countries [6].”
Background
Safranal acts as a neurorestorative agent in rats with cerebral ischemic stroke via upregulating SIRT1
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“This is most likely due to population expansion, the dramatic improvements in health care brought about by economic development, and the fact that the decline in mortality in high-income regions far outweighs the continued deterioration in low—and middle-income countries 45 .”
Background
Hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke thrombolysis treatment: navigating the landscape of hemostasis genetic risk factors
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“…Messing, and Chou 2011), Stroke, the leading determinant of disability attributed to high morbidity and recurrence rates, and thus consequently acknowledged as the third leading cause of death globally (Paul and Candelario-Jalil 2021; A. P. Zhang et al. 2020, Katan, Luft, 2018; Tao et al. 2020).”
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Acceleration of brain aging after small-volume infarcts
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“Due to its status as the world’s second leading cause of death and long-term disability and its increasing frequency as populations age [14–16], we have therefore conducted a scoping review focusing on stroke as an index indication.”
Background
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is associated with an increased risk of stroke: Insights from multinational real-world data
Chen, S. S., Lin, T. T.-A., Chiang, Y.-L., Chen, C.-Y., Lin, W.-J., & Chang, R. (2025) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/17474930251313717 · Cited by 7
Association of T3/T4 ratio with inflammatory indicators and all-cause mortality in stroke survivors
Zhang, S., Su, Z., & Wen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1509501 · Cited by 8
“Stroke is considered to be the main cause of adult disability and one of the main causes of death all over the world (3).”
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Wu, X., Li, X., & Liu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1519954 · Cited by 7
“It presents significant morbidity, mortality, and disability, profoundly affecting individuals, families, and societies (3).”
Predicting hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and methodological quality assessment of CT/MRI-based deep learning and radiomics models
Salimi, M., Vadipour, P., Bahadori, A. R., Houshi, S., Mirshamsi, A., & Fatemian, H. (2025) · Emergency Radiology · doi:10.1007/s10140-025-02336-3 · Cited by 7
“Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a chief cause of mortality and long-term disability on a global scale [1].”
Global Burden of Ischemic Stroke in Middle-Aged Workforce Population, 1990–2021: Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Hao, G., Shi, Z., Zhang, B., Dong, Y., & Liang, G. (2025) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000546067 · Cited by 7
Pattern and frequency of neurological and neurosurgical care of adult inpatients and outpatients at a tertiary referral hospital in Kenya
von Gaudecker, J. R., Oduor, C., Ofner, S., Oyungu, E., Said, J. A., & Buelow, J. M. (2020) · eNeurologicalSci · doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2020.100286 · Cited by 7
The problem of recovery of the patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA): the capabilities of psychological techniques in the improvement of cognitive functions
Skirtach, I., & Pokul, E. (2020) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202021017003 · Cited by 7
Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban are superior to warfarin in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: An updated meta-analysis
Li, W., Barakakis, P. A., Palaiodimos, L., Kalaitzoglou, D., Tzelves, L. I., Manolopoulos, A., Wang, Y.-C., Giannopoulos, S., FAILLACE, R. T., & Kokkinidis, D. G. (2021) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v13.i4.82 · Cited by 7
Combined Treatment of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Fasudil Promotes Neurovascular Remodeling and Neurological Function Recovery in Ischemic Stroke
Wang, Q., Zhao, S., Xiao, X., Liu, Y., Wang, X.-L., & Du, Y. (2021) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-021-03679-6 · Cited by 7
Validation of the Russian version of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Physical Performance for assessment of patients with post-stroke paresis
Suponeva, N. A., Yusupova, D. G., Зимин, А. А., Rimkevichus, A. A., Melchenko, D. A., Ilyina, K. A., Zhirova, E. S., Taratukhina, A. S., Зайцев, А. Б., Клочков, А. С., et al. (2021) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202112108286 · Cited by 7
Effect of the Interaction between Depression and Sleep Disorders on the Stroke Occurrence: An Analysis Based on National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
Li, J., Li, L., Lv, Y. Y., Kang, Y., Zhu, M., & Wang, W. (2021) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2021/6333618 · Cited by 7
“Stroke is the second most common cause of deaths secondary to ischemic heart disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide [1].”
Background
Direct Medical Cost of Stroke and the Cost-Effectiveness of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation-Related Stroke: A Cross-Sectional Study
Azahar, S. N., Sulong, S., Zaidi, W. A. W., Muhammad, N., Kamisah, Y., & Masbah, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031078 · Cited by 7
“The economic burden of stroke alone is enormous, consuming approximately 3–4% of total healthcare expenditure in Western countries [11].”
Background
Acupuncture and electroacupuncture for stroke
Choi, T., Ang, L., Jun, J. H., Lee, H. W., Yun, J.-M., Kim, J., Moon, B., Joo, M. C., & Lee, M. S. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000028496 · Cited by 7
Anatomical Modifications After Stent Implantation: A Comparative Analysis Between CGuard, Wallstent, and Roadsaver Carotid Stents
Corradini, L. G., Balocco, S., Maresca, L., Vitale, S., & Stefanini, M. (2022) · Journal of Endovascular Therapy · doi:10.1177/15266028221075559 · Cited by 7
“20 Journal of Endovascular Therapy 30(1)”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Katan, M., & Luft, A.
Affiliations: Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
University Hospital Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author: Luft, Andreas
ORCID: Luft, Andreas
Venue: Seminars in Neurology
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Published: 2018-04
Volume: 38
Issue: 02
Pages: 208-211
ISSN: 0271-8235 (ISSN-L)
1098-9021
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649503
OpenAlex: W2803306216
Cited by: 2,137
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 164 · 2025: 350 · 2024: 361 · 2023: 387 · 2022: 376 · 2021: 276 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 7
FWCI: 17.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Seminars in Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
Keywords: stroke, global burden of disease, stroke incidence, stroke mortality, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, disability-adjusted life years, population aging, young adults, low- and middle-income countries, ethnic disparities, stroke prevention, neurorehabilitation
MeSH terms: Humans, Sex Factors, Global Health, Disease Management, Stroke

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