Cited by 2,137Acute Ischemic Stroke ManagementCardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsGlobal Health and Epidemiology

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Global Burden of Stroke

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Katan, Mira, Luft, Andreas·2018·Seminars in Neurology

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Abstract

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Its incidence is increasing because the population ages. In addition, more young people are affected by stroke in low- and middle-income countries. Ischemic stroke is more frequent but hemorrhagic stroke is responsible for more deaths and disability-adjusted life-years lost. Incidence and mortality of stroke differ between countries, geographical regions, and ethnic groups. In high-income countries mainly, improvements in prevention, acute treatment, and neurorehabilitation have led to a substantial decrease in the burden of stroke over the past 30 years. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical data concerning stroke incidence and burden around the globe.

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Retracted
Cerebrovascular plasticity: Processes that lead to changes in the architecture of brain microvessels
Bogorad, M. I., DeStefano, J. G., Linville, R. M., Wong, A. D., & Searson, P. C. (2019) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x19855875 · Cited by 79
Machine learning to predict mortality after rehabilitation among patients with severe stroke
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Effectiveness and safety of virtual reality rehabilitation after stroke: an overview of systematic reviews
Bargeri, S., Scalea, S., Agosta, F., Banfi, G., Corbetta, D., Filippi, M., Sarasso, E., Turolla, A., Castellini, G., & Gianola, S. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102220 · Cited by 82
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders
Olloquequi, J., Cano, A. C., Sánchez‐López, E., Carrasco, M., Verdaguer, E., Fortuna, A. C., Folch, J., Bulló, M., Auladell, C., Camins, A., et al. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113709 · Cited by 72
“Currently, strokes are the second leading cause of death worldwide [165].”
Background
Review of imaging biomarkers for the vulnerable carotid plaque
Saba, L., Agarwal, N., Cau, R., Gerosa, C., Sanfilippo, R., Porcu, M., Montisci, R., Cerrone, G., Yang, Q., Balestrieri, A., et al. (2021) · JVS Vascular Science · doi:10.1016/j.jvssci.2021.03.001 · Cited by 70
“The current incidence of stroke in Europe and the USA is approximately 200 per 100,000 population per year of which 80% of strokes are ischemic.(1,2) Severe carotid artery stenosis is a wellestablished risk factor and accounts for approximately 20% of all ischemic strokes.”
Background
The Role of NF-κB Triggered Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia
Jover‐Mengual, T., Hwang, J.-Y., Byun, H.-R., Court-Vazquez, B. L., Centeno, J. M., Burguete, M. C., & Zukin, R. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.633610 · Cited by 69
Cardamonin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating the HIF ‐1α/ VEGFA pathway
Ni, H., Li, J., Zheng, J., & Zhou, B. (2022) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7409 · Cited by 68
Liquid Biopsy in Neurological Diseases
Malhotra, S., Miras, M. C. M., Pappolla, A., Montalbán, X., & Comabella, M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12141911 · Cited by 72
“Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a significant cause of disability worldwide [79].”
Background
Immersive VR for upper-extremity rehabilitation in patients with neurological disorders: a scoping review
Ceradini, M., Losanno, E., Micera, S., Bandini, A., & Orlandi, S. (2024) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-024-01367-0 · Cited by 76
“Given the global prevalence of stroke [28], stroke survivors have naturally emerged as primary candidates for immersive VR-based rehabilitation programs (Fig.”
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Role of vitamin B12 deficiency in ischemic stroke risk and outcome
Yahn, G. B., Abato, J. E., & Jadavji, N. M. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.291381 · Cited by 68
Effects of peer support interventions on physical and psychosocial outcomes among stroke survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wan, X.-J., Chau, J., Mou, H.-Y., & Liu, X. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104001 · Cited by 65
Targeting PI3K/Akt in Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Alleviation: From Signaling Networks to Targeted Therapy
Zheng, T., Jiang, T., Ma, H., Zhu, Y., & Wang, M. Y. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04039-1 · Cited by 71
“Ischemic stroke is a prevalent acute cerebrovascular ailment, capable of causing profound neurological dysfunction and, in severe cases, fatalities [1].”
Current status of ischemic stroke treatment: From thrombolysis to potential regenerative medicine
Hurd, M. D., Goel, I., Sakai, Y., & Teramura, Y. (2021) · Regenerative Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.reth.2021.09.009 · Cited by 73
“Stroke is the secondmost common cause of death and amajor cause of disability globally [5].”
Background
Professionals' Views and Experiences of Using Rehabilitation Robotics With Stroke Survivors: A Mixed Methods Survey
Li, L., Tyson, S. F., & Weightman, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Medical Technology · doi:10.3389/fmedt.2021.780090 · Cited by 72
“We categorized groups based on following characteristics: (1) participants’ occupation (OT, occupational therapists; PT, physiotherapists); (2) career stage (<1 year, 1–5 years, 6–10 years, and >10 years); and (3) rehabilitation robot type (end-effector and exoskeleton).”
BackgroundMethod
Quality of life of stroke survivors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bello, U. M., Chutiyami, M., Salihu, D., Abdu, S. I., Tafida, B. A., Jabbo, A. A., Gamawa, A., Umar, L., Lawan, A., Miller, T., et al. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02591-6 · Cited by 64
“Globally, stroke survivors report low QoL for reasons related to the cost of optimal medical services, lifestyle factors, low medical literacy, environmental and socioeconomic factors and inadequate adherence to interventions [41, 42].”
Background
Gut Microbiota in Ischemic Stroke: Role of Gut Bacteria-Derived Metabolites
Zhang, W., Dong, X. Y., & Huang, R. (2022) · Translational Stroke Research · doi:10.1007/s12975-022-01096-3 · Cited by 68
“Among new cases, 26% recovered with the ability to conduct basic daily activities only, and 50% suffered declined mobility due to hemiparesis [2].”
Background
Virtual and Augmented Reality in Post-stroke Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review
Khokale, R. V., Mathew, G. S., Ahmed, S., Maheen, S., Fawad, M., Bandaru, P., Zerin, A., Nazir, Z., Khawaja, I., Sharif, I., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37559 · Cited by 80
“Hemorrhagic strokes are less common than ischemic strokes, but they cause more severe outcomes, leading to death and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost [4,11].”
Background
Efficacy of Robot-Assisted Training on Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Function in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Yang, X., Shi, X., Xue, X., & Deng, Z. (2023) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.02.004 · Cited by 67
Characterization of the Blood Brain Barrier Disruption in the Photothrombotic Stroke Model
Weber, R., Grönnert, L., Mulders, G., Maurer, M., Tackenberg, C., Schwab, M. E., & Rust, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.586226 · Cited by 56
Heart Rate Variability: A Measure of Cardiovascular Health and Possible Therapeutic Target in Dysautonomic Mental and Neurological Disorders
Siepmann, M., Weidner, K., Petrowski, K., & Siepmann, T. (2022) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-022-09572-0 · Cited by 65
“…cause of death and a major cause of lasting disability in adults worldwide and more than three quarters of stroke survivors display symptoms due to compromised regulation of the cardiovascular system and other organs by the autonomic nervous system (Katan & Luft, 2018; Xiong et al., 2012, 2014).”
Background
A Review of Risk Factors and Predictors for Hemorrhagic Transformation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Thomas, S., Plumber, N., Venkatapathappa, P., & Gorantla, V. R. (2021) · International Journal of Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/4244267 · Cited by 64
Effects of Virtual Reality Cognitive Training on Neuroplasticity: A Quasi-Randomized Clinical Trial in Patients with Stroke
Gangemi, A., Luca, R. D., Fabio, R. A., Lauria, P., Rifici, C., Pollicino, P., Marra, A., Olivo, A., Quartarone, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11123225 · Cited by 58
“Survivors of stroke face immediate challenges in coping with long-term sensory-motor and cognitive impairments [1,2].”
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Integrating AI-driven wearable devices and biometric data into stroke risk assessment: A review of opportunities and challenges
Olawade, D. B., Aderinto, N., David-Olawade, A. C., Egbon, E., Adereni, T., Popoola, M. R., & Tiwari, R. (2024) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108689 · Cited by 64
Systematic review of guidelines to identify recommendations for upper limb robotic rehabilitation after stroke
Morone, G., Neurorehabilitation, O. B. O. ". I. C. C. O. R. I., Palomba, A., Cinnera, A. M., Agostini, M., Aprile, I. G., Arienti, C., Paci, M., Casanova, E., MARINO, D., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06625-9 · Cited by 57
Relationship of sleep duration with the risk of stroke incidence and stroke mortality: an updated systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Wang, H., Sun, J., Sun, M., Liu, N., & Wang, M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.11.001 · Cited by 59
Immersive Virtual Reality in Stroke Patients as a New Approach for Reducing Postural Disabilities and Falls Risk: A Case Series
Cortés‐Pérez, I., Nieto-Escámez, F. A., & Obrero‐Gaitán, E. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10050296 · Cited by 57
“Motor and cognitive impairments observed in post-stroke patients reduce their functional capacity, their personal autonomy [4], and social abilities, which results in intensive care and rehabilitation needs with the subsequent economic burden to society and families [5].”
Background
Screening for aspiration risk associated with dysphagia in acute stroke
Boaden, E., Doran, D., Burnell, J., Clegg, A. J., Dey, P., Hurley, M. A., Alexandrov, A. W., McInnes, E., & Watkins, C. L. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012679 · Cited by 56
SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cerebrovascular/cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies
Mascolo, A., Scavone, C., Scisciola, L., Chiodini, P., Capuano, A., & Paolisso, G. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105836 · Cited by 56
Symmetry-Enhanced Attention Network for Acute Ischemic Infarct Segmentation with Non-contrast CT Images
Liang, K., Han, K., Li, X., Cheng, X., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87234-2_41 · Cited by 54
“Acute ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide and imposes an enormous burden for the health care system [8].”
Background
Current approaches and advances in the imaging of stroke
Kakkar, P., Kakkar, T., Patankar, T. F., & Saha, S. (2021) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.048785 · Cited by 62
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Circulating microparticles as biomarkers of stroke: A focus on the value of endothelial‐ and platelet‐derived microparticles
Gamal, H. E., Parray, A., Mir, F. A., Shuaib, A. M., & Agouni, A. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28499 · Cited by 54
“Stroke is one of the most devastating neurological disorders and is considered one of the leading causes of long‐term acquired disability in adults (Katan & Luft, 2018).”
Background
State-of-the-art CT and MR imaging and assessment of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: standardization of scanning protocols and measurements—a consensus document by the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR)
Saba, L., Loewe, C., Weikert, T., Williams, M. C., Galea, N., Budde, R. P. J., Vliegenthart, R., Velthuis, B. K., Francone, M., Bremerich, J., et al. (2022) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-022-09024-7 · Cited by 53
Analyzing stroke burden and risk factors in India using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study
Behera, D. K., Rahut, D. B., & Mishra, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72551-4 · Cited by 59
“The observed increase in stroke incidence rates, particularly in states such as Goa, Kerala, and West Bengal, can be attributed to demographic changes, including an aging population, and improvements in stroke detection and reporting 6,13 .”
Background
Disease-Induced Modulation of Drug Transporters at the Blood–Brain Barrier Level
Rihani, S. B. A., Darakjian, L. I., Deodhar, M., Dow, P., Turgeon, J., & Michaud, V. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073742 · Cited by 55
Balance Rehabilitation through Robot-Assisted Gait Training in Post-Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Loro, A., Borg, M. B., Battaglia, M., Amico, A. P., Antenucci, R., Benanti, P., Bertoni, M., Bissolotti, L., Boldrini, P., Bonaiuti, D., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010092 · Cited by 54
“Aphasia and depression are often the causes of disability in post-stroke patients, but the most common disability tract is a reduced mobility due to hemiparesis [1,5].”
Background
Hydrogen Sulphide-Based Therapeutics for Neurological Conditions: Perspectives and Challenges
Sharif, A. H., Iqbal, M., Manhoosh, B., Gholampoor, N., Ma, D., Marwah, M. K., & Sanchez-Aranguren, L. C. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-03887-y · Cited by 54

Authors: Katan, M., & Luft, A.
Affiliations: Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
University Hospital Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author: Luft, Andreas
ORCID: Luft, Andreas
Venue: Seminars in Neurology
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Published: 2018-04
Volume: 38
Issue: 02
Pages: 208-211
ISSN: 0271-8235 (ISSN-L)
1098-9021
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649503
OpenAlex: W2803306216
Cited by: 2,137
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 164 · 2025: 350 · 2024: 361 · 2023: 387 · 2022: 376 · 2021: 276 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 7
FWCI: 17.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Seminars in Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
Keywords: stroke, global burden of disease, stroke incidence, stroke mortality, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, disability-adjusted life years, population aging, young adults, low- and middle-income countries, ethnic disparities, stroke prevention, neurorehabilitation
MeSH terms: Humans, Sex Factors, Global Health, Disease Management, Stroke

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