Cited by 2,143Diet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on HealthNutritional Studies and Diet

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Trials comparing the effectiveness and safety of weight-loss diets are frequently limited by short follow-up times and high dropout rates. METHODS: In this 2-year trial, we randomly assigned 322 moderately obese subjects (mean age, 52 years; mean body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31; male sex, 86%) to one of three diets: low-fat, restricted-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-carbohydrate, non-restricted-calorie. RESULTS: The rate of adherence to a study diet was 95.4% at 1 year and 84.6% at 2 years. The Mediterranean-diet group consumed the largest amounts of dietary fiber and had the highest ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat (P<0.05 for all comparisons among treatment groups). The low-carbohydrate group consumed the smallest amount of carbohydrates and the largest amounts of fat, protein, and cholesterol and had the highest percentage of participants with detectable urinary ketones (P<0.05 for all comparisons among treatment groups). The mean weight loss was 2.9 kg for the low-fat group, 4.4 kg for the Mediterranean-diet group, and 4.7 kg for the low-carbohydrate group (P<0.001 for the interaction between diet group and time); among the 272 participants who completed the intervention, the mean weight losses were 3.3 kg, 4.6 kg, and 5.5 kg, respectively. The relative reduction in the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 20% in the low-carbohydrate group and 12% in the low-fat group (P=0.01). Among the 36 subjects with diabetes, changes in fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were more favorable among those assigned to the Mediterranean diet than among those assigned to the low-fat diet (P<0.001 for the interaction among diabetes and Mediterranean diet and time with respect to fasting glucose levels). CONCLUSIONS: Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets may be effective alternatives to low-fat diets. The more favorable effects on lipids (with the low-carbohydrate diet) and on glycemic control (with the Mediterranean diet) suggest that personal preferences and metabolic considerations might inform individualized tailoring of dietary interventions. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00160108.)

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  1. 2000, World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 894, 1
  2. Bastard JP, 2006, Eur Cytokine Netw, 17, 4

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Metadata

Authors
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D. R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., Tangi-Rozental, O., Zuk-Ramot, R., Sarusi, B., Brickner, D., Schwartz, Z., Sheiner, E., Marko, R., Katorza, E., Thiery, J., Fiedler, G. M., Blüher, M., Stumvoll, M., & Stampfer, M. J.
Affiliations
  • Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
  • Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center (IL)
  • Soroka Medical Center (IL)
  • University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
  • Leipzig University (DE)
  • Harvard University (US)
Venue
New England Journal of Medicine
Published
2008-07-17
Volume
359
Issue
3
Pages
229-241
ISSN
  • 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
  • 1533-4406
OpenAlex
W2146463166
Cited by
2,143
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 54 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 191 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 136 · 2012: 127
FWCI
95.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS eCampus Telematic University (Università degli Studi eCampus) (submittedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
weight loss, Mediterranean diet, low-carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, obesity, dietary adherence, dietary fiber, urinary ketones, TC/HDL-C ratio, glycemic control, fasting blood glucose, insulin, type 2 diabetes, dietary intervention
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Ketones, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Biomarkers, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Diet, Mediterranean, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted

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