Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly
Open accessAbstract
A widespread epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was reported in 2015 in South and Central America and the Caribbean. A major concern associated with this infection is the apparent increased incidence of microcephaly in fetuses born to mothers infected with ZIKV. In this report, we describe the case of an expectant mother who had a febrile illness with rash at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy while she was living in Brazil. Ultrasonography performed at 29 weeks of gestation revealed microcephaly with calcifications in the fetal brain and placenta. After the mother requested termination of the pregnancy, a fetal autopsy was performed. Micrencephaly (an abnormally small brain) was observed, with almost complete agyria, hydrocephalus, and multifocal dystrophic calcifications in the cortex and subcortical white matter, with associated cortical displacement and mild focal inflammation. ZIKV was found in the fetal brain tissue on reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay, with consistent findings on electron microscopy. The complete genome of ZIKV was recovered from the fetal brain.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Zika viral infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly including severe structural damage to the prefrontal areas.
“Zika viral infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly including severe structural damage to the prefrontal areas [338–340].”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [338]
Cites
MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013) · Molecular biology and evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst197 · Cited by 41,174 · see citing works
Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia
Duffy, M. R., Chen, T.-H., Hancock, W. T., Powers, A. M., Kool, J. L., Lanciotti, R. S., Pretrick, M., Marfel, M., Holzbauer, S., Dubray, C. L., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0805715 · Cited by 3,130 · see citing works
Zika Virus (I). Isolations and serological specificity
Dick, G. W. A., Kitchen, S. F., & Haddow, A. J. (1952) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(52)90042-4 · Cited by 2,698 · see citing works
Lanciotti, R. S., Kosoy, O. L., Laven, J. J., Velez, J. O., Lambert, A. J., Johnson, A. J., Stanfield, S. M., & Duffy, M. R. (2008) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1408.080287 · Cited by 2,173 · see citing works
Melo, A. S. O., Malinger, G., Ximenes, R., Szejnfeld, P. O., Sampaio, S. A., & de Filippis, A. M. B. (2016) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.15831 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Potential Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus
Musso, D., Roche, C., Robin, E., Nhan, T., Teissier, A., & Cao‐Lormeau, V. (2015) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2102.141363 · Cited by 1,174 · see citing works
Gyral development of the human brain
Je, G., Dooling, E. C., & Gilles, F. H. (1977) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410010109 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Hayes, E. B. (2009) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Zika Virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013
Cao‐Lormeau, V., Roche, C., Teissier, A., Robin, E., Berry, A.-L., Mallet, H., Sall, A. A., & Musso, D. (2014) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2006.140138 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Molecular Evolution of Zika Virus during Its Emergence in the 20th Century
Faye, O., Freire, C. C. D. M., Iamarino, A., Faye, O., Oliveira, J. V. C., Diallo, M., Zanotto, P. M. A., & Sall, A. A. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002636 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics
Ioos, S., Mallet, H., Goffart, I. L., Gauthier, V., Cardoso, T., & Herida, M. (2014) · Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses · doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2014.04.008 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Gillespie, L. K., Hoenen, A., Morgan, G., et al. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00986-10 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught Mosquitoes
Faye, O., Faye, O., Diallo, D., Diallo, M., Weidmann, M., & Sall, A. A. (2013) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/1743-422x-10-311 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
One-step RT-PCR for detection of Zika virus
Faye, O., Faye, O., Dupressoír, A., Weidmann, M., Ndiaye, M., & Sall, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2008.05.005 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings
Alpert, S. G., Fergerson, J., & Noël, L.-P. (2003) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00452-5 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Cell Culture and Electron Microscopy for Identifying Viruses in Diseases of Unknown Cause
Goldsmith, C. S., Ksiazek, T. G., Rollin, P. E., et al. (2013) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1906.130173 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Congenital Arboviral Infections: Something New, Something Old
Tsai, T. F. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2729 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Population-Based Placental Weight Ratio Distributions
Macdonald, E. M., Koval, J. J., Natale, R., Regnault, T. R. H., & Campbell, M. K. (2014) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2014/291846 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Azevedo, R. S. S., de Sousa, J. R., Araujo, M. T. F., Martins Filho, A. J., de Alcantara, B. N., Araujo, F. M. C., Queiroz, M. G. L., Cruz, A. C. R., Vasconcelos, B. H. B., Chiang, J. O., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5 · Cited by 3,478 · see citing works
Brain-Region-Specific Organoids Using Mini-bioreactors for Modeling ZIKV Exposure
Qian, X., Nguyen, H. N., Song, M. M., Hadiono, C., Ogden, S. C., Hammack, C., Yao, B., Hamersky, G. R., Jacob, F., Zhong, C., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.032 · Cited by 2,127 · see citing works
Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine
Kim, J., Koo, B.-K., & Knoblich, J. A. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0259-3 · Cited by 2,187 · see citing works
Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth
Tang, H., Hammack, C., Ogden, S. C., Wen, Z., Qian, X., Li, Y., Yao, B., Shin, J., Zhang, F., Lee, E. M., et al. (2016) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.016 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models
Cugola, F. R., Fernandes, I. R., Russo, F. B., Freitas, B. C., Dias, J. L. M., Guimarães, K. P., Benazzato, C., Almeida, N., Pignatari, G. C., Romero, S., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18296 · Cited by 1,326 · see citing works
Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids
Garcez, P. P., Loiola, E. C., Madeiro da Costa, R., Higa, L. M., Trindade, P., Delvecchio, R., Nascimento, J. M., Brindeiro, R., Tanuri, A., & Rehen, S. K. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf6116 · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works
A Mouse Model of Zika Virus Pathogenesis
Lazear, H. M., Govero, J., Smith, A. M., Platt, D. J., Fernandez, E., Miner, J. J., & Diamond, M. S. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.010 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities
Driggers, R. W., Ho, C.-Y., Korhonen, E. M., Kuivanen, S., Jääskeläinen, A. J., Smura, T., Rosenberg, A., Hill, D. A., DeBiasi, R. L., Vezina, G., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1601824 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Zika Virus Disrupts Neural Progenitor Development and Leads to Microcephaly in Mice
Li, C., Xu, D., Ye, Q., Hong, S., Jiang, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, N., Shi, L., Qin, C.-F., & Xu, Z. (2016) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.017 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Dang, J., Tiwari, S. K., Lichinchi, G., Qin, Y., Patil, V. S., Eroshkin, A. M., & Rana, T. M. (2016) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.014 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Bershteyn, M., Nowakowski, T. J., Pollen, A. A., Di Lullo, E., Nene, A., Wynshaw-Boris, A., & Kriegstein, A. R. (2017) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.12.007 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Expression Analysis Highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika Virus Entry Receptor in Neural Stem Cells
Nowakowski, T. J., Pollen, A. A., Di Lullo, E., Sandoval-Espinosa, C., Bershteyn, M., & Kriegstein, A. R. (2016) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.012 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Zika virus cell tropism in the developing human brain and inhibition by azithromycin
Retallack, H., Di Lullo, E., Arias, C., Knopp, K. A., Laurie, M. T., Sandoval-Espinosa, C., Mancia Leon, W. R., Krencik, R., Ullian, E. M., Spatazza, J., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1618029113 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Tabata, T., Petitt, M., Puerta-Guardo, H., Michlmayr, D., Wang, C., Fang-Hoover, J., Harris, E., & Pereira, L. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.002 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses
Meertens, L., Labeau, A., Dejarnac, O., Cipriani, S., Sinigaglia, L., Bonnet-Madin, L., Le Charpentier, T., Hafirassou, M. L., Zamborlini, A., Cao-Lormeau, V.-M., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.045 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Characterization of a Novel Murine Model to Study Zika Virus
Rossi, S. L., Tesh, R. B., Azar, S. R., Muruato, A. E., Hanley, K. A., Auguste, A. J., Langsjoen, R. M., Paessler, S., Vasilakis, N., & Weaver, S. C. (2016) · The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0111 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
The Zika Virus Epidemic in Brazil: From Discovery to Future Implications
Lowe, R., Barcellos, C., Brasil, P., Cruz, O., Honório, N., Kuper, H., & Carvalho, M. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15010096 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Watanabe, M., Buth, J. E., Vishlaghi, N., de la Torre-Ubieta, L., Taxidis, J., Khakh, B. S., Coppola, G., Pearson, C. A., Yamauchi, K., Gong, D., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.047 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Development of prefrontal cortex
Kolk, S. M., & Rakic, P. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
The psychological effects of climate change on children
Burke, S. E. L., Sanson, A. V., & Van Hoorn, J. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0896-9 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
A Susceptible Mouse Model for Zika Virus Infection
Dowall, S. D., Graham, V. A., Rayner, E., Atkinson, B., Hall, G., Watson, R. J., Bosworth, A., Bonney, L. C., Kitchen, S., & Hewson, R. (2016) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004658 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Characterization of Lethal Zika Virus Infection in AG129 Mice
Aliota, M. T., Caine, E. A., Walker, E. C., Larkin, K. E., Camacho, E., & Osorio, J. E. (2016) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004682 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Zika Virus Infects Neural Progenitors in the Adult Mouse Brain and Alters Proliferation
Li, H., Saucedo-Cuevas, L., Regla-Nava, J. A., Chai, G., Sheets, N., Tang, W., Terskikh, A. V., Shresta, S., & Gleeson, J. G. (2016) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.005 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Onorati, M., Li, Z., Liu, F., Sousa, A. M. M., Nakagawa, N., Li, M., Dell’Anno, M. T., Gulden, F. O., Pochareddy, S., Tebbenkamp, A. T. N., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.038 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, K.-Y., Zuo, G.-L., Li, X.-F., Ye, Q., Deng, Y.-Q., Huang, X.-Y., Cao, W.-C., Qin, C.-F., & Luo, Z.-G. (2016) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2016.58 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Wells, M. F., Salick, M. R., Wiskow, O., Ho, D. J., Worringer, K. A., Ihry, R. J., Kommineni, S., Bilican, B., Klim, J. R., Hill, E. J., et al. (2016) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.11.011 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection, Pathogenesis, and Immunity
Morrison, T. E., & Diamond, M. S. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00009-17 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Zhou, T., Tan, L., Cederquist, G. Y., Fan, Y., Hartley, B. J., Mukherjee, S., Tomishima, M., Brennand, K. J., Zhang, Q., Schwartz, R. E., et al. (2017) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.017 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Emerging Role of Zika Virus in Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes
Panchaud, A., Stojanov, M., Ammerdorffer, A., Vouga, M., & Baud, D. (2016) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-16 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Assay optimization for molecular detection of Zika virus
Corman, V., Rasche, A., Baronti, C., Aldabbagh, S., Cadar, D., Reusken, C., Pas, S., Goorhuis, A., Schinkel, J., Molenkamp, R., et al. (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.16.175950 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Rubin, E. J., Greene, M. F., & Baden, L. R. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme1601862 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Thézé, J., Li, T., du Plessis, L., Bouquet, J., Kraemer, M. U. G., Somasekar, S., Yu, G., de Cesare, M., Balmaseda, A., Kuan, G., et al. (2018) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.017 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infection
He, T., Kaplan, S., Kamboj, M., & Tang, Y.-W. (2016) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-016-0545-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Long-term alterations in brain and behavior after postnatal Zika virus infection in infant macaques
Raper, J., Kovacs-Balint, Z., Mavigner, M., Gumber, S., Burke, M. W., Habib, J., Mattingly, C., Fair, D., Earl, E., Feczko, E., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16320-7 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Genome Editing in iPSC-Based Neural Systems: From Disease Models to Future Therapeutic Strategies
McTague, A., Rossignoli, G., Ferrini, A., Barral, S., & Kurian, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2021.630600 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Yang, K.-C., Lin, J.-C., Tsai, H.-H., Hsu, C.-Y., Shih, V., & Hu, C.-M. J. (2021) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-021-00965-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cortical Circuits
Astick, M., & Vanderhaeghen, P. (2018) · Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.02.011 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Overview on the Current Status of Zika Virus Pathogenesis and Animal Related Research
Pawitwar, S. S., Dhar, S., Tiwari, S., Ojha, C. R., Lapierre, J., Martins, K., Rodzinski, A., Parira, T., Paudel, I., Li, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-017-9743-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Risks of Zika virus during the first trimester of pregnancy
Molnár, Z., & Kennedy, S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.71 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mlakar, J., Korva, M., Tul, N., Popović, M., Poljšak-Prijatelj, M., Mraz, J., Kolenc, M., Resman Rus, K., Vesnaver Vipotnik, T., Fabjan Vodušek, V., Vizjak, A., Pižem, J., Petrovec, M., & Avšič Županc, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2016-03-10
- Volume
- 374
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 951-958
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2289704315
- Cited by
- 2,884
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 213 · 2020: 249 · 2019: 287 · 2018: 323 · 2017: 493 · 2016: 591 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 559.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- Zika virus, microcephaly, congenital Zika syndrome, agenesis of the corpus callosum, hydrocephalus, pregnancy, maternal infection, fetal autopsy, viral genome recovery, Zika virus epidemic
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Therapeutic, Zika Virus Infection, Zika Virus, Adult, Brain, Female, Fetal Diseases, Humans, Microcephaly, Phylogeny, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Ultrasonography, Prenatal, Genome, Viral, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
