Constitutive telomerase expression promotes mammary carcinomas in aging mice
Open accessAbstract
Telomerase is up-regulated in the vast majority of human cancers and serves to halt the progressive telomere shortening that ultimately blocks would-be cancer cells from achieving a full malignant phenotype. In contrast to humans, the laboratory mouse possesses long telomeres and, even in early generation telomerase-deficient mice, the level of telomere reserve is sufficient to avert telomere-based checkpoint responses and to permit full malignant progression. These features in the mouse provide an opportunity to determine whether enforced high-level telomerase activity can serve functions that extend beyond its ability to sustain telomere length and function. Here, we report the generation and characterization of transgenic mice that express the catalytic subunit of telomerase (mTERT) at high levels in a broad variety of tissues. Expression of mTERT conferred increased telomerase enzymatic activity in several tissues, including mammary gland, splenocytes, and cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, mTERT overexpression extended telomere lengths but did not prevent culture-induced replicative arrest, thus reinforcing the view that this phenomenon is not related to occult telomere shortening. Robust telomerase activity, however, was associated with the spontaneous development of mammary intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive mammary carcinomas in a significant proportion of aged females. These data indicate that enforced mTERT expression can promote the development of spontaneous cancers even in the setting of ample telomere reserve.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Overexpression of mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit induces a variety of malignancies.
“Overexpression of the mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (mTERTcs) has been shown to induce a variety of malignancies64–66.”
From Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities (2014) · cites this paper as [65]
Increased telomerase activity in two independent Tert transgenic mouse models seemed to increase susceptibility to tumour formation.
“One caveat to such an approach is the observation that increased telomerase activity in two independent Tert transgenic mouse models seemed to increase the susceptibility for tumour formation 66, 67 .”
From The common biology of cancer and ageing (2007) · cites this paper as [67]
TERT promotes tumor development even in settings of ample telomere reserve.
“Moreover, recent findings indicate that TERT promotes tumor development even in settings of ample telomere reserve, although the mechanisms underlying these telomere length-independent activities of TERT remain unclear9–13.”
From Conditional telomerase induction causes proliferation of hair follicle stem cells (2005) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains
Hayflick, L., & Moorhead, P. S. (1961) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6 · Cited by 8,508 · see citing works
Specific Association of Human Telomerase Activity with Immortal Cells and Cancer
Kim, N. W., Piatyszek, M. A., Prowse, K. R., Harley, C. B., West, M. D., Ho, P. L. C., Coviello, G. M., Wright, W. E., Weinrich, S. L., & Shay, J. W. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7605428 · Cited by 7,091 · see citing works
Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts
Harley, C. B., Futcher, A. B., & Greider, C. W. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345458a0 · Cited by 5,750 · see citing works
Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector
Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., & Miyazaki, J. (1991) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90434-d · Cited by 5,135 · see citing works
Todaro, G. J., & Green, H. (1963) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.17.2.299 · Cited by 2,725 · see citing works
Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements
Hahn, W. C., Counter, C. M., Lundberg, A. S., Beijersbergen, R. L., Brooks, M. W., & Weinberg, R. A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22780 · Cited by 2,345 · see citing works
The RNA Component of Human Telomerase
Feng, J., Funk, W. D., Wang, S.-S., Weinrich, S. L., Avilion, A. A., Chiu, C.-P., Adams, R. R., Chang, E., Allsopp, R. C., Yu, J., et al. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7544491 · Cited by 2,227 · see citing works
Counter, C. M., Avilion, A. A., LeFeuvre, C. E., Stewart, N. G., Greider, C. W., Harley, C. B., & Bacchetti, S. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05245.x · Cited by 2,096 · see citing works
Telomere reduction in human colorectal carcinoma and with ageing
Hastie, N. D., Dempster, M., Dunlop, M. G., Thompson, A. M., Green, D. K., & Allshire, R. C. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346866a0 · Cited by 1,650 · see citing works
Role of the INK4a Locus in Tumor Suppression and Cell Mortality
Serrano, M., Lee, H.-W., Chin, L., Cordon-Cardo, C., Beach, D., & DePinho, R. A. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81079-x · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomere states and cell fates
Blackburn, E. H. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35040500 · Cited by 1,372 · see citing works
Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs
Lee, H.-W., Blasco, M. A., Gottlieb, G. J., Horner, J. W., Greider, C. W., & DePinho, R. A. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/33345 · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomere dysfunction promotes non-reciprocal translocations and epithelial cancers in mice
Artandi, S. E., Chang, S., Lee, S.-L., Alson, S., Gottlieb, G. J., Chin, L., & DePinho, R. A. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35020592 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of telomerase limits the growth of human cancer cells
Hahn, W. C., Stewart, S. A., Brooks, M. W., York, S. G., Eaton, E. N., Kurachi, A. L., Beijersbergen, R. L., Knoll, J. H. M., Meyerson, M. M., & Weinberg, R. A. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/13495 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Chin, L., Artandi, S. E., Shen, Q., Tam, A., Lee, S.-L., Gottlieb, G. J., Greider, C. W., & DePinho, R. A. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80762-x · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Self-citationAbsence of cancer–associated changes in human fibroblasts immortalized with telomerase
Morales, C. P., Holt, S. E., Ouellette, M. M., Kaur, K. J., Yan, Y., Wilson, K. S., White, M. A., Wright, W. E., & Shay, J. W. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/5063 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
A role for both RB and p53 in the regulation of human cellular senescence*1
SHAY, J. (1991) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4827(91)90453-2 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Telomere shortening and apoptosis in telomerase-inhibited human tumor cells
Zhang, X., Mar, V., Zhou, W., Harrington, L., & Robinson, M. O. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.18.2388 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Kim, N. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.13.2595 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Jiang, X., Jimenez, G. S., Chang, E., Frolkis, M., Kusler, B., Sage, M., Beeche, M., Bodnar, A. G., Wahl, G. M., Tlsty, T. D., et al. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/5056 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Hypervariable ultra-long telomeres in mice
Kipling, D., & Cooke, H. J. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/347400a0 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Herbert, B.-S., Pitts, A. E., Baker, S. I., Hamilton, S. E., Wright, W. E., Shay, J. W., & Corey, D. R. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.25.14276 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Telomere dysfunction and evolution of intestinal carcinoma in mice and humans
Rudolph, K. L., Millard, M., Bosenberg, M. W., & DePinho, R. A. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/88871 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiff, R. D., Anver, M. R., Gusterson, B. A., Hennighausen, L. G., Jensen, R. A., Merino, M. J., Rehm, S., Russo, J., Tavassoli, F. A., Wakefield, L. M., et al. (2000) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203277 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Inhibition of Experimental Liver Cirrhosis in Mice by Telomerase Gene Delivery
Rudolph, K. L., Chang, S., Millard, M., Schreiber-Agus, N., & DePinho, R. A. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5456.1253 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Self-citationExpression of TERT in early premalignant lesions and a subset of cells in normal tissues
Kolquist, K. A., Ellisen, L. W., Counter, C. M., Meyerson, M. M., Tan, L. K., Weinberg, R. A., Haber, D. A., & Gerald, W. L. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/554 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
González‐Suárez, E., Samper, E., Ramírez, A., Flores, J. M., Martín‐Caballero, J., Jorcano, J. L., & Blasco, M. A. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.11.2619 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Short Dysfunctional Telomeres Impair Tumorigenesis in the INK4aΔ2/3 Cancer-Prone Mouse
Greenberg, R. A., Chin, L., Femino, A., Lee, K.-H., Gottlieb, G. J., Singer, R. H., Greider, C. W., & DePinho, R. A. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80761-8 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomerase-deficient mice with short telomeres are resistant to skin tumorigenesis
González-Suárez, E., Samper, E., Flores, J. M., & Blasco, M. A. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/79089 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Differential regulation of telomerase activity and telomerase RNA during multi-stage tumorigenesis
Blasco, M. A., Rizen, M., Greider, C. W., & Hanahan, D. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0296-200 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Spontaneous Lesions in Aging FVB/N Mice
Mahler, J. F., Stokes, W., Mann, P. C., Takaoka, M., & Maronpot, R. R. (1996) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/019262339602400606 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Broccoli, D., Godley, L. A., Donehower, L. A., Varmus, H. E., & de Lange, T. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.7.3765 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Stampfer, M. R., Garbe, J. C., Levine, G. A., Lichtsteiner, S., Vasserot, A. P., & Yaswen, P. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071483998 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Senescence: does it all happen at the ends?
Stewart, S. A., & Weinberg, R. A. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205062 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cutting Edge: Antigen-Dependent Regulation of Telomerase Activity in Murine T Cells
Hathcock, K. S., Weng, N., Merica, R. R., Jenkins, M. K., & Hodes, R. J. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.5702 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Telomerase activity in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Shpitz, B., Zimlichman, S., Zemer, R., Bomstein, Y., Zehavi, T., Liverant, S., Bernehim, J., Kaufman, Z., Klein, E., Shapira, Y., et al. (1999) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1023/a:1006394209922 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mechanisms regulating telomerase activity in murine T cells
Ogoshi, M., Takashima, A., & Taylor, R. S. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.158.2.622 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [22]Ogoshi M, Takashima A, Taylor R S. J Immunol. 1997;158:622–628. [[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8992976/)] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Immunol&author=M%20Ogoshi&author=A%20Takashima&author=R%20S%20Taylor&volume=158&publication_year=1997&pages=622-628&pmid=8992976&)]
- [23]Hathcock K S, Weng N P, Merica R, Jenkins M K, Hodes R. J Immunol. 1998;160:5702–5706. [[PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9637478/)] [[Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Immunol&author=K%20S%20Hathcock&author=N%20P%20Weng&author=R%20Merica&author=M%20K%20Jenkins&author=R%20Hodes&volume=160&publication_year=1998&pages=5702-5706&pmid=9637478&)]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aubert, G., & Lansdorp, P. M. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00026.2007 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
The common biology of cancer and ageing
Finkel, T., Serrano, M., & Blasco, M. A. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05985 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities
Oh, J., Lee, Y. D., & Wagers, A. J. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3651 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Telomere length, stem cells and aging
Blasco, M. A. (2007) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2007.38 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Telomerase modulates Wnt signalling by association with target gene chromatin
Park, J.-I., Venteicher, A. S., Hong, J. Y., Choi, J., Jun, S., Shkreli, M., Chang, W., Meng, Z., Cheung, P., Ji, H., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08137 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Self-citationBernardes de Jesus, B., Vera, E., Schneeberger, K., Tejera, A. M., Ayuso, E., Bosch, F., & Blasco, M. A. (2012) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201200245 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Delays Aging in Cancer-Resistant Mice
Tomás-Loba, A., Flores, I., Fernández-Marcos, P. J., Cayuela, M. L., Maraver, A., Tejera, A., Borrás, C., Matheu, A., Klatt, P., Flores, J. M., et al. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.034 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
INK4a/ARF: A multifunctional tumor suppressor locus
Sharpless, N. E. (2005) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.08.021 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Self-citationTelomerase modulates expression of growth-controlling genes and enhances cell proliferation
Smith, L. L., Coller, H. A., & Roberts, J. M. (2003) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb985 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Conditional telomerase induction causes proliferation of hair follicle stem cells
Sarin, K. Y., Cheung, P., Gilison, D., Lee, E., Tennen, R. I., Wang, E., Artandi, M. K., Oro, A. E., & Artandi, S. E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03836 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationAn RNA-dependent RNA polymerase formed by TERT and the RMRP RNA
Maida, Y., Yasukawa, M., Furuuchi, M., Lassmann, T., Possemato, R., Okamoto, N., Kasim, V., Hayashizaki, Y., Hahn, W. C., & Masutomi, K. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08283 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Telomerase directly regulates NF-κB-dependent transcription
Ghosh, A., Saginc, G., Leow, S. C., Khattar, E., Shin, E. M., Yan, T. D., Wong, M., Zhang, Z., Li, G., Sung, W.-K., et al. (2012) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb2621 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Shortened Telomere Length Is Associated with Increased Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Ma, H., Zhou, Z., Wei, S., Liu, Z., Pooley, K. A., Dunning, A. M., Svenson, U., Roos, G., Hosgood, H. D., Shen, M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020466 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
“Both of animal studies and clinical observations have shown that shorter telomeres were associated with increased risk of cancers, such as epithelial cancers [52,53,54].”
de Jesus, B. B., Schneeberger, K., Vera, E., Tejera, A., Harley, C. B., & Blasco, M. A. (2011) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00700.x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Stress, cell senescence and organismal ageing
de Magalhães, J. P., & Passos, J. F. (2018) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2017.07.001 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
The differential impact of p16INK4a or p19ARF deficiency on cell growth and tumorigenesis
Sharpless, N. E., Ramsey, M. R., Balasubramanian, P., Castrillon, D. H., & DePinho, R. A. (2004) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207074 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationBlasco, M. A. (2002) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc862 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Signaling networks determining life span
Riera, C. E., Merkwirth, C., De Magalhaes Filho, C. D., & Dillin, A. (2016) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014451 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
TERT promotes cellular and organismal survival independently of telomerase activity
Lee, J., Sung, Y. H., Cheong, C., Choi, Y. S., Jeon, H. K., Sun, W., Hahn, W. C., Ishikawa, F., & Lee, H.-W. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1211037 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Yang, C., Przyborski, S., Cooke, M. J., Zhang, X., Stewart, R., Anyfantis, G., Atkinson, S. P., Saretzki, G., Armstrong, L., & Lako, M. (2008) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0677 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Evolving views of telomerase and cancer
Blasco, M. (2003) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0962-8924(03)00085-0 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Antagonistic effects of telomerase on cancer and aging in K5-mTert transgenic mice
González-Suárez, E., Geserick, C., Flores, J. M., & Blasco, M. A. (2005) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208413 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Jones, A. M., Beggs, A. D., Carvajal-Carmona, L., Farrington, S., Tenesa, A., Walker, M., Howarth, K., Ballereau, S., Hodgson, S. V., Zauber, A., et al. (2012) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2011.239772 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Canela, A., Martín-Caballero, J., Flores, J. M., & Blasco, M. A. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.10.4275-4293.2004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Keegan, C. E., Hutz, J. E., Else, T., Adamska, M., Shah, S. P., Kent, A. E., Howes, J. M., Beamer, W. G., & Hammer, G. D. (2005) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Telomerase Maintains Telomere Structure in Normal Human Cells
Masutomi, K., Yu, E. Y., Khurts, S., Ben-Porath, I., Currier, J. L., Metz, G. B., Brooks, M. W., Kaneko, S., Murakami, S., DeCaprio, J. A., et al. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00550-6 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Recent advances in telomere biology: implications for human cancer
Meeker, A. K., & De Marzo, A. M. (2004) · Current Opinion in Oncology · doi:10.1097/00001622-200401000-00007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
RETRACTED: New intranasal and injectable gene therapy for healthy life extension
Jaijyan, D. K., Selariu, A., Cruz-Cosme, R., Tong, M., Yang, S., Stefa, A., Kekich, D., Sadoshima, J., Herbig, U., Tang, Q., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2121499119 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
RetractedTelomere fusions in early human breast carcinoma
Tanaka, H., Abe, S., Huda, N., Tu, L., Beam, M. J., Grimes, B., & Gilley, D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1120062109 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ectopic expression of telomerase safely increases health span and life span
Mendelsohn, A. R., & Larrick, J. W. (2012) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2012.1359 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Artandi, S. E., Alson, S., Tietze, M. K., Sharpless, N. E., Ye, S., Greenberg, R. A., Castrillon, D. H., Horner, J. W., Weiler, S. R., Carrasco, R. D., & DePinho, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street (M413), Boston, MA 02115; Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Hematology, Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Corresponding author
- DePinho, Ronald A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2002-05-28
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 8191-8196
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC123043
- OpenAlex
- W2148531499
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 17.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (K08 AG0103)
- National Cancer Institute (KO8 CA 82176, K08 CA 84044, U01CA84313, U01CA084313, K08CA084044, R01CA84628, K08CA082176, R01CA084628)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- telomerase, breast cancer, mammary intraepithelial neoplasia, transgenic mice, telomere length, replicative senescence, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Cloning, Molecular, DNA-Binding Proteins, Female, Kinetics, Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental, Mice, Transgenic, 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, Gene Expression, Open Reading Frames, Telomere, Mice, Knockout, Telomerase, Catalytic Domain, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
