The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women
Open accessAbstract
Both social isolation and loneliness are associated with increased mortality, but it is uncertain whether their effects are independent or whether loneliness represents the emotional pathway through which social isolation impairs health. We therefore assessed the extent to which the association between social isolation and mortality is mediated by loneliness. We assessed social isolation in terms of contact with family and friends and participation in civic organizations in 6,500 men and women aged 52 and older who took part in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing in 2004–2005. A standard questionnaire measure of loneliness was administered also. We monitored all-cause mortality up to March 2012 (mean follow-up 7.25 y) and analyzed results using Cox proportional hazards regression. We found that mortality was higher among more socially isolated and more lonely participants. However, after adjusting statistically for demographic factors and baseline health, social isolation remained significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.48 for the top quintile of isolation), but loneliness did not (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.09). The association of social isolation with mortality was unchanged when loneliness was included in the model. Both social isolation and loneliness were associated with increased mortality. However, the effect of loneliness was not independent of demographic characteristics or health problems and did not contribute to the risk associated with social isolation. Although both isolation and loneliness impair quality of life and well-being, efforts to reduce isolation are likely to be more relevant to mortality.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adjustment for demographic factors including marital status reduced the strength of this association by around 36% (model 2), with a further reduction of 12% when baseline health status and depression were taken into account (model 3).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“Cox proportional hazard analyses showed that, after adjustment for age and sex, the hazards ratio (HR) for mortality was 1.50 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30-1.73,P < 0.001] in the high social isolation group (Table 2).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, after adjusting statistically for demographic factors and baseline health, social isolation remained significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.48for the top quintile of isolation), but loneliness did not (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.09).”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The association was attenuated further after baseline health and mobility were included in the model (HR 0.92, 95% CI, 0.78-1.09,P = 0.34), suggesting that social disadvantage and concurrent health problems largely account for the relationship between loneliness and mortality.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Abstract
plainn = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age-and sex-adjusted HR for loneliness was significant (1.26, 95% CI, 1.08-1.46,P = 0.003) but was reduced to nonsignificance when demographic factors were included (model 2, Table 3).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both social isolation and loneliness were associated with all-cause mortality; the absolute proportions of deaths were 21.9 vs. 12.3% in the high and low/ average isolation groups and 19.2 vs. 13.0% in the high and low/ average loneliness groups, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The age-and sex-adjusted HR for loneliness was significant (1.26, 95% CI, 1.08-1.46,P = 0.003) but was reduced to nonsignificance when demographic factors were included (model 2, Table 3).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
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In the paper
“We tested sex differences in these patterns by adding the two-way social isolation by sex interaction (HR 0.85, 95% C.I. 0.64-1.14,P = 0.27), but the effect was not significant.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association of social isolation with mortality was unchanged when loneliness was included in the model.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Adding loneliness to the model did not reduce the HR for social isolation, and there was no interaction between social isolation and loneliness.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Abstract
plainn = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, after adjusting statistically for demographic factors and baseline health, social isolation remained significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.48for the top quintile of isolation), but loneliness did not (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.09).”
- Also stated in: § Results · boosted
“Nevertheless, the HR remained highly significant (1.26, 95% CI, 1.07-1.48,P = 0.005).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Abstract
boostedcorrelationaln = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age-and sex-adjusted HR for loneliness was significant (1.26, 95% CI, 1.08-1.46,P = 0.003) but was reduced to nonsignificance when demographic factors were included (model 2, Table 3).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adjustment for demographic factors including marital status reduced the strength of this association by around 36% (model 2), with a further reduction of 12% when baseline health status and depression were taken into account (model 3).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 8
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no sex differences in social isolation, but isolated individuals were more likely to be older and unmarried with limited education and lower wealth.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loneliness was more common in women and was associated with older age, less education, and lower wealth and marital status in the same way as social isolation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was associated with a greater range of health conditions than social isolation, including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and clinical depression, although the prevalence of these conditions was low.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social isolation and loneliness were positively correlated (ρ = 0.10, P < 0.001).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social isolation also was associated with limiting longstanding illnesses such as chronic lung disease, arthritis, impaired mobility, and depressive symptoms.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 6,500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the HRS, loneliness predicted all-cause mortality over a 6-y period independently of demographic factors and health behaviors, but associations no longer were significant after baseline health, functional limitations, and depressive symptoms were taken into account (26).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because depression is a risk factor for mortality from common serious illness (37)(38)(39) and also is associated with social isolation and loneliness, it was included as an additional covariate.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Measures of Social Isolation and Loneliness.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites (37)(38)(39)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All-cause mortality up to March 2012 was supplied by the National Health Service central data registry for all participants who consented to mortality follow-up (96.5%).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We measured loneliness with the three-item short form of the Revised UCLA loneliness scale (29).”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Measures of Social Isolation and Loneliness.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The item on loneliness was omitted from the CES-D to avoid direct overlap with the loneliness scale (41); however, the same results emerged when this item was included.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Measures of Social Isolation and Loneliness.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result indicates that the mortality risk of social isolation is caused partly by social disadvantage or poor health, but much of the association remains unexplained.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Results
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We gave equal weight to different aspects of social contact in these analyses, but some social relationships may be more important to future health than others.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also were able to construct a comprehensive social isolation index that included contacts with friends, relatives, and family as well as civic participation.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ethical approval for ELSA was given by the National Research Ethics Service.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strengths of this analysis include the use of a large representative population cohort in which it was possible to control for multiple health and demographic indicators.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The response rate in wave 2 was 81.5% of eligible participants.”
§ Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
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In the citing paper
“This may be reflected in the cross-sectional association between the constructs at age 18 (r = 0.38), which is comparable but somewhat stronger than that observed in studies using structural indicators of social isolation in adulthood (e.g., r ≈ 0.18-0.30;Preacher et al., 2005;Coyle & Dugan, 2012;Steptoe et al., 2013).”
From Investigating the interplay of loneliness and social isolation across adolescence: Findings from a nationally representative longitudinal study (2026) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2013
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the industrial revolution and modern era have ushered in changes in social interactions and sleep quality59,91 that can promote SCI149,150 and insulin resistance151, in turn increasing risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD and all-cause mortality150–154”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [153]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“That the two concept are distinct is supported by several studies that show that they are only weakly correlated with each other [18–21].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, no significant interaction between social isolation and loneliness on mortality was found in other studies [20,48].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To allow a sufficient sample size in each of the four groups, individuals with scores 2 or more were classified as socially isolated and those with 0 or 1 as not socially isolated, similar to previous research [20,27,54].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among the few studies that contrasted social isolation and loneliness the evidence was mixed, with one study finding that loneliness was more influential (Holwerda et al., 2012) and another finding that social isolation (Steptoe, Shankar, Demakakos, & Wardle, 2013) has stronger effects than loneliness.”
From Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review (2015) · cites this paper as Steptoe, Shankar, Demakakos, & Wardle, 2013
In the citing paper
“Social isolation has been identified as a risk factor for poor health, reduced well-being, mortality (e.g.Patterson andVeenstra 2010, Steptoe et al. 2013), depression (Heikkinen and Kauppinen 2004) and cognitive decline (Wilson et al. 2007).”
From Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review (2017) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“Steptoe et al. (2013) reached the opposite conclusion using UK data, as the effects of loneliness in their study on mortality were not independent of the demographic characteristics and health status of the respondents, contrary to the effects of social isolation.”
From Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review (2017) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, evidence suggests the actual presence of others-including the existence of relationships and roles, proximity, and regular contact--is a powerful, in some cases stronger predictor of health than other aspects of relationships [2,10].”
From Social isolation: an underappreciated determinant of physical health (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“but also consistent with those obtained in previous research across diverse samples such as laboratory animals (14-16) and clinical populations (5) and study designs such as experiments (14-16) and mortality follow-ups (6-8).”
From Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“beyond cross-sectional associations, loneliness has been shown to prospectively predict increased depressive symptomatology, impaired cognitive performance, dementia progression, significant likelihood of nursing home admission, and multiple disease outcomes (e.g., hypertension, heart disease, and stroke in older persons) [22].”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“As summarized by Cacioppo et al. [22], significant aspects of adult morbidity predicted by loneliness include depressive symptomatology, physical health, and functional limitations.”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“At older ages, loneliness is also a major risk factor for broad-based morbidity (both psychological and physical).”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“independent of objective features of social relationships (e.g., living arrangement, number and frequency of contacts, presence and propinquity of caregivers), loneliness has been associated with impaired daytime functioning, reduced physical activity, lower subjective well-being, and poorer physical health.”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, growing evidence indicates that loneliness is associated with a wide range of health outcomes in later life, even after adjusting for objective indices of social isolation.”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“candidate neurobiological mechanisms include age-related changes in neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses; elevated vascular resistance, blood pressure, and hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical activity; leukocyte glucocorticoid resistance reflecting aberrant ratios of circulating white blood cells, and lower inflammatory control and diminished immunity.”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“a growing body of neuroimaging studies suggests that individual differences in loneliness are reflected in brain regions associated with basic perception and processing of social information [22].”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Lower social integration (assessed by network size/participation, living arrangements, and frequency of close social contact) is predictive of elevated mortality6–9”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Loneliness is associated with worse physical and mental health [5–8] and increases mortality risk [9,10].”
From Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Findings on gender differences have also been mixed, with some studies reporting higher loneliness in females [23] and others finding no effect of gender [7,8,10].”
From Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Outside of the current crisis, findings on gender differences in loneliness are mixed, and findings of this study conform with those showing no association [7,8,48].”
From Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study (2020) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“These are strong risk factors for ill health and impose a high risk on the health of older populations that could be easily avoided with low-cost interventions (Steptoe et al., 2012).”
From The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Social capital is similarly important in increasing the risks of social isolation, loneliness and exclusion of older populations, which lead to higher risks of mortality (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2012;Melzer et al., 2012;Steptoe et al., 2012).”
From The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“The measure is similar to Steptoe et al. (2012) and also reflects changes in social isolation and loneliness.”
From The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al. (2012)
In the citing paper
“Reverse-causal pathways have also been established in the literature, with physical disability and poor mental health causing more isolation (Steptoe et al., 2012).”
From The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Loneliness and social isolation have both been found to be associated with increased mortality risk, whilst controlling for baseline mental and physical health (Steptoe et al., 2012).”
From The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“having poor social relationships has been associated with a range of negative health outcomes (Holt-Lunstad & Smith, 2012;Scharf, Phillipson, & Smith, 2004;Steptoe, Shankar, Demakakos, & Wardle, 2013;Tomaszewski, 2013;Umberson & Montez, 2010).”
From Living alone and cognitive function in later life (2019) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Having a range of good social connections has been identified as an important aspect of successful ageing [12] and is associated with lower mortality rates [13, 14], better health outcomes [15, 16], and higher reported wellbeing [17, 18] and quality of life [19, 20].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
Cites
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
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“S relationships are central to human well-being and are critically involved in the maintenance of health (1, 2).”
BackgroundSocial Relationships and Health
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3399889 · Cited by 7,073
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Uchino, B. N. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9056-5 · Cited by 2,507
Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults
Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650905000103 · Cited by 2,027
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Metadata
- Authors
- Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-03-25
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 5797-5801
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3625264
- OpenAlex
- W2004761428
- Cited by
- 2,503
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 188 · 2025: 248 · 2024: 286 · 2023: 247 · 2022: 273 · 2021: 285 · 2020: 265 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 98.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Government of the United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK (14134)
- British Heart Foundation
- University College London
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K003178/1)
- National Institute on Aging (2R01AG7644, 2R01AG7644-01A1, R01AG017644)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, all-cause mortality, older adults, mediation, family and friend contact, citizen participation, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Emotions, Female, Health Status, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Social Behavior, Social Isolation, Proportional Hazards Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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