A common vesicle proteome drives fungal biofilm development
Open accessAbstract
Extracellular vesicles mediate community interactions among cells ranging from unicellular microbes to complex vertebrates. Extracellular vesicles of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans are vital for biofilm communities to produce matrix, which confers environmental protection and modulates community dispersion. Infections are increasingly due to diverse Candida species, such as the emerging pathogen Candida auris , as well as mixed Candida communities. Here, we define the composition and function of biofilm-associated vesicles among five species across the Candida genus. We find similarities in vesicle size and release over the biofilm lifespan. Whereas overall cargo proteomes differ dramatically among species, a group of 36 common proteins is enriched for orthologs of C. albicans biofilm mediators. To understand the function of this set of proteins, we asked whether mutants in select components were important for key biofilm processes, including drug tolerance and dispersion. We found that the majority of these cargo components impact one or both biofilm processes across all five species. Exogenous delivery of wild-type vesicle cargo returned mutant phenotypes toward wild type. To assess the impact of vesicle cargo on interspecies interactions, we performed cross-species vesicle addition and observed functional complementation for both biofilm phenotypes. We explored the biologic relevance of this cross-species biofilm interaction in mixed species and mutant studies examining the drug-resistance phenotype. We found a majority of biofilm interactions among species restored the community’s wild-type behavior. Our studies indicate that vesicles influence the development of protective monomicrobial and mixed microbial biofilm communities.
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Several Candida species produce a unique biofilm extracellular matrix mannan-glucan complex that is delivered via EVs.
“Several Candida species produce a unique biofilm extracellular matrix mannan-glucan complex that is delivered via EVs (25–28).”
From Dual function of <i>Candida auris</i> mannosyltransferase, MNT5, in biofilm community protection from antifungal therapy and the host (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results (Comparison of Vesicle Cargo Composition; page unavailable) report that several Candida species produce biofilm vesicles containing mannan and glucan in ratios compatible with assembly of the matrix mannan–glucan complex. The paper says this suggests EV delivery of the complex’s building blocks; it does not establish that the assembled complex itself is delivered via EVs. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Candida albicans Induces Cross-Kingdom miRNA Trafficking in Human Monocytes To Promote Fungal Growth
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Harnessing Exogenous Membrane Vesicles for Studying Fusarium Circinatum and its Biofilm CommunitiesPreprint
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- Authors
- Zarnowski, R., Sanchez, H., Jaromin, A., Zarnowska, U. J., Nett, J. E., Mitchell, A. P., & Andes, D.
- Affiliations
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wrocław (PL)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mitchell, Aaron P.
- Andes, David
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2022-09-12
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 38
- Pages
- e2211424119-e2211424119
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC9501958
- OpenAlex
- W4295309184
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 6.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI073289)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Keywords
- extracellular vesicles, fungal biofilms, Candida, Candida albicans, Candida auris, orthologs, drug tolerance, biofilm dispersal, interspecies interactions, mixed microbial communities, functional complementation, fungal pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Extracellular Vesicles, Animals, Candida albicans, Fungal Proteins, Biofilms, Proteome, Drug Resistance, Fungal
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