Candida albicans Biofilms: a Developmental State Associated With Specific and Stable Gene Expression Patterns

García-Sánchez, Susana; Aubert, Sylvie; Iraqui, Ismaïl; Janbon, Guilhem; Ghigo, Jean-Marc; d'Enfert, Christophe

doi:10.1128/ec.3.2.536-545.2004

Cited by 353Fungal and yeast genetics researchAntifungal resistance and susceptibilityBacterial biofilms and quorum sensing

Candida albicans Biofilms: a Developmental State Associated With Specific and Stable Gene Expression Patterns

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García-Sánchez, Susana, Aubert, Sylvie, Iraqui, Ismaïl, Janbon, Guilhem, Ghigo, Jean-Marc, d'Enfert, Christophe·2004·Eukaryotic Cell

DOI 10.1128/ec.3.2.536-545.2004PMC PMC387656

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Abstract

Like many bacteria, yeast species can form biofilms on several surfaces. Candida albicans colonizes the surfaces of catheters, prostheses, and epithelia, forming biofilms that are extremely resistant to antifungal drugs. We have used transcript profiling to investigate the specific properties of C. albicans biofilms. Biofilm and planktonic cultures produced under different conditions of nutrient flow, aerobiosis, or glucose concentration were compared by overall gene expression correlation. Correlation was much higher between biofilms than planktonic populations irrespective of the growth conditions, indicating that biofilm populations formed in different environments display very similar and specific transcript profiles. A first cluster of 325 differentially expressed genes was identified. In agreement with the overrepresentation of amino acid biosynthesis genes in this cluster, Gcn4p, a regulator of amino acid metabolism, was shown to be required for normal biofilm growth. To identify biofilm-related genes that are independent of mycelial development, we studied the transcriptome of biofilms produced by a wild-type, hypha-producing strain and a cph1 / cph1 efg1 / efg1 strain defective for hypha production. This analysis identified a cluster of 317 genes expressed independently of hypha formation, whereas 86 genes were dependent on mycelial development. Both sets revealed the activation of the sulfur-amino acid biosynthesis pathway as a feature of C. albicans biofilms.

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Ergosterol levels are significantly decreased in both intermediate (12-30h) and mature phases (31-72h) biofilms compared to early-phase (0-11h) biofilms, and this is connected to decreased expression of ERG25, ERG11, and ERG6.
“Sterol analyses show that ergosterol levels are signi fi cantly decreased in both intermediate (12-30h) and mature phases (31-72h), compared to those in earlyphase (0-11h) bio fi lms, and this is connected to the decreased expression of ergosterol biosynthetic genes ( ERG25 , ERG11 , and ERG6 ).”
From The synthesis, regulation, and functions of sterols inCandida albicans: Well-known but still lots to learn (2016) · cites this paper as [76]
Induction of several ERG genes has been reported during biofilm development, but biofilm cells have also been reported to contain less ergosterol in their cell membranes compared to free-living cells, which possibly reduces the efficiency of azole antifungals.
“Induction of several ERG genes has been reported during biofilm development38, but contradictory, it was also reported that biofilm cells contain less ergosterol in their cell membranes compared to free-living cells, which possibly reduces the efficiency of azole antifungals affecting biosynthesis of this compound22.”
From Stimulation of superoxide production increases fungicidal action of miconazole against Candida albicans biofilms (2016) · cites this paper as [38]

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Self-citation

Authors: García-Sánchez, S., Aubert, S., Iraqui, I., Janbon, G., Ghigo, J.-M., & d'Enfert, C.
Affiliations: Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques
Mycologie Moléculaire
Institut Pasteur (FR)
ORCID: Janbon, Guilhem
Ghigo, Jean-Marc
Venue: Eukaryotic Cell
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2004-04
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 536-545
ISSN: 1535-9778 (ISSN-L)
1535-9786
DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.2.536-545.2004
PMC: PMC387656
OpenAlex: W2151757612
Cited by: 353
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 7.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Eukaryotic Cell (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Keywords: Candida albicans, biofilm, gene expression profiling, transcriptome, planktonic versus biofilm growth, Gcn4p, amino acid biosynthesis, Cph1, EFG1, antifungal resistance
MeSH terms: Amino Acids, Sulfur, Candida albicans, DNA-Binding Proteins, Fungal Proteins, Multigene Family, Plankton, Protein Kinases, RNA, Messenger, Transcription Factors, Gene Expression, Biofilms, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Mycelium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

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Candida albicans Biofilms: a Developmental State Associated With Specific and Stable Gene Expression Patterns

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