The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity is the ability to retain and manipulate information during a short period of time. This ability underlies complex reasoning and has generally been regarded as a fixed trait of the individual. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represent one group of subjects with a WM deficit, attributed to an impairment of the frontal lobe. In the present study, we used a new training paradigm with intensive and adaptive training of WM tasks and evaluated the effect of training with a double blind, placebo controlled design. Training significantly enhanced performance on the trained WM tasks. More importantly, the training significantly improved performance on a nontrained visuo-spatial WM task and on Raven's Progressive Matrices, which is a nonverbal complex reasoning task. In addition, motor activity--as measured by the number of head movements during a computerized test--was significantly reduced in the treatment group. A second experiment showed that similar training-induced improvements on cognitive tasks are also possible in young adults without ADHD. These results demonstrate that performance on WM tasks can be significantly improved by training, and that the training effect also generalizes to nontrained tasks requiring WM. Training improved performance on tasks related to prefrontal functioning and had also a significant effect on motor activity in children with ADHD. The results thus suggest that WM training potentially could be of clinical use for ameliorating the symptoms in ADHD.
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In the citing paper
“However, there are some obvious weaknesses in this study: the group sizes (7 children per group) are tiny – this study is, like many other studies in this area, severely underpowered.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“Another problem with the design of this study is that any differences found as a result of training may reflect differences in the duration of the computerized tasks performed by the two groups, rather than being effects of adaptive working memory training per se.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“The largest effect size for working memory training on nonverbal ability came from the earliest study (d = 2.18; Klingberg et al., 2002), which included only 7 subjects in each of the training and control groups.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“However, while some studies [84,85] show subsequent improvement in ADHD symptoms, others do not (e.g. [86], reviewed in e.g. [87]).”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Training individuals with ADHD on one specific cognitive domain, e.g. working memory, has been found to result in improved performance on the trained and similar tasks [84–86].”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“but they only used the incongruent trials as outcome measure; baseline response times to congruent trials were not controlled for, making it impossible to calculate the interference score)”
In the citing paper
“([85] and [86] also found differential effects on the STROOP”
In the citing paper
“In many ways our findings are similar to those of previous placebo controlled (single) EF training studies in children with ADHD [21], [84], [85], [86], [23] (but note that only one of these studies [21] corrected for multiple testing).”
In the citing paper
“Several studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of CogMed training in children with ADHD (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the idea that WM-training programs such as CWMT exert stronger benefits to low-WM individuals (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002;Weicker et al., 2016) is not supported.”
From The cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
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Verbal Working Memory as a Longitudinal Mechanism of Vocabulary Problems in Preschoolers with ADHD
Gremillion, M. L., Smith, T. E., & Martel, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9625-7 · Cited by 12
“Previous work targeting WM in children has shown promising results (Klingberg et al. 2002, 2005).”
Computerized Progressive Attention Training (CPAT) vs. Active Control in Adults with ADHD
Kolodny, T., Ashkenazi, Y., Farhi, M., & Shalev, L. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0056-x · Cited by 9
“Klingberg and his colleagues (Klingberg et al. 2002, 2005) demonstrated that 5 weeks of computerized working memory training (CWMT; Cogmed) in children with ADHD not only enhanced working memory performance but also ameliorated ADHD symptoms according to parents’ ratings, both post-intervention and…”
BackgroundTseng, C.-E. J., Pascoe, L., Roberts, G., Doyle, L. W., Lee, K. J., Thompson, D. K., Seal, M. L., Josev, E. K., Chen, J., Nosarti, C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-019-00150-7 · Cited by 9
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Role of psychiatric comorbidity on cognitive function during and after the menopausal transition
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Working Memory, Cerebellum, and Creativity
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“…training based on a battery of tasks such as backward digit span and visual tracking and its effectiveness is measured across a wide range of general cognitive tasks, e.g., tasks involving cognitive control, such as the Stroop test and measures of fluid intelligence (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
MethodEducational Application of Working-Memory Training
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A secure mHealth application for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
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“For example, Cogmed Working Memory Training contains many trained tasks that tap into the domain of visuospatial WM and studies have shown that visuospatial WM skills of children with ADHD can be improved after this training (i.e. Holmes et al., 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002; 2005).”
Self-concept in children with attention deficits
Ljusberg, A., & Brodin, J. (2007) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0b013e3282775b1f · Cited by 9
“Research conducted by Klingberg et al. (2002) has shown that the working memory can be improved by training.”
BackgroundMethodAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Mandelbaum, D. E. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0435-8.00047-0 · Cited by 9
Anatomic Brain Imaging Studies of Normal and Abnormal Brain Development in Children and Adolescents
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Does working memory training in children need to be adaptive? A randomized controlled trial
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“Indeed, some small sample working memory training studies in clinical samples, such as those with ADHD (Holmes et al., 2009, 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005) or with lower abilities in the cognitive skill trained (Jaeggi et al., 2008), have reported transfer (von Bastian & Oberauer, 2014).”
Bettencourt, C., Anzalone, S. M., Chétouani, M., Cohen, D., & Grossard, C. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102483 · Cited by 10
Working Memory Training does not Improve Intelligence: Evidence from Brazilian Children
Alves, M. M., & Flores-Mendoza, C. E. (2015) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201528306 · Cited by 11
“Similarly, Holmes, Gathercole, and Dunnings (2009) were unable to replicate intelligence improvement in children using the same WM training program proposed by Klingberg et al. (2002).”
InfluentialHeritability of Preferred Thinking Styles and a Genetic Link to Working Memory Capacity
Fletcher, J., Marks, A. D. G., Hine, D. W., & Coventry, W. L. (2014) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2014.62 · Cited by 8
“In addition, several studies indicate that WMC can be trained, and improvements can generalize to other cognitive tasks as well (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundDoes working memory training enhance intelligence?
Tsubomi, H., Saito, S., Osaka, M., & Osaka, N. (2019) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.90.18402 · Cited by 8
“…ティブな状態にならざるをえない（Unsworth & Engle, 2007）。そのため，ワーキングメモリ課題成績には，ワー キングメモリにアクティブに記憶できる量だけではな く，非アクティブな二次記憶から必要な情報を効率的・ 効果的に検索できるかが反映されていると考えられて いる。 以上のように，ワーキングメモリ課題成績がどのよ うな心的過程を反映するかについてはさまざまな説明 がある。しかし，これらは相互に排他的ではなく，す べてが正しいことが示されている。Unsworth et al.（2014）は，保持と処理・注意制御・容量・二次記 憶や知能を測る…”
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Non-action Video Game Training Ameliorates Cognitive Decline Associated with Sleep Disturbance
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“Evidence from high-quality trials also demonstrates near transfer effects of working memory training programs in children, such as Cogmed [15,22] and Braintwister [16,23].”
BackgroundExecutive functions in inductive and deductive reasoning
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“…and severe cognitive deficits through cognitive interventions 84 ; on the other side, it was reported the efficacy of CCT in boosting neuropsychological performance of children with a neurodevelopmental disorder, even in absence of general learning difficulties or cognitive impairments 85,86 .”
BackgroundMemory processes in learning disability subtypes of children born preterm
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Ready or not: Kindergarten classroom engagement as an indicator of child school readiness
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“Klingberg et al., (2002) examined the efficacy of a programme designed to improve child attention skills by targeting working memory.”
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“The test is commonly used when examining intellectual capacity (e.g., Cornoldi et al., 2013; Klingberg et al., 2002).”
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“Video games have produced gains in specific cognitive processes in several typical and atypical populations [5].”
Attention: feedback focuses a wandering mind
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L’entraînement de la mémoire de travail par le programme Cogmed et le TDAH
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Network Dynamics Theory of Human Intelligence
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“More generally, Internet-based treatments have previously been used successfully for example in the treatment of agoraphobia [7] and ADHD [8].”
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“The second is claims that the capacity of WM is not fixed but can be changed with intensive training (Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides, & Perrig, 2008; Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002).”
The Impact of Education on Fluid Intelligence
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“In a study by Klingberg et al. (2002) conducted over a period of five weeks, children with ADHD were trained 20 minutes per day and four to six days per week via fluid reasoning computer-based training programs. The children showed an improvement in their working memory and received higher marks in the Raven test scor…”
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Development and Training of Higher Order Cognitive Functions and their Interrelations
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“Some studies [117, 118] suggested that working memory capacity could be improved by training, and in turn, higher working memory capacity could better improve attentional control and produce improvements in other cognitive tasks (e.g., visual-spatial and backward digit span).”
BackgroundEffect of Working Memory Training on Learning Ability of High School Students
Oka, M., Muta, J., Sato, K., Ikuta, E., & Iramina, K. (2021) · Biomedical Engineering International Conference · doi:10.1109/bmeicon53485.2021.9745247 · Cited by 6
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“The flexibility and improvability of cognitive functions, such as working memory, have been reported (25,26).”
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“Among them, Cogmed is a computerized training program designed to improve WM performance and has undergone extensive testing across various populations (Klingberg et al., 2002b; Løhaugen et al., 2011; Brehmer et al., 2012; Chacko et al., 2014; Anderson et al., 2018; Etherton et al., 2019; Flak et al., 2019).”
BackgroundCai, D., Ge, Y., Wang, L., & Leung, A. W. S. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12090083 · Cited by 7
“For example, attentional control in ADHD students (Ga á l and Czigler 2018; Garc í a-Baos et al. 2019), executive function (Steiner et al. 2011) and working memory (Klingberg et al. 2002; Tamm et al. 2010) have been significantly improved after cognitive intervention.”
BackgroundWorking Memory Training and Implicit Learning 1
Bauernschmidt, A., Conway, C. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (2008) · Cited by 6
Working Memory Training in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Roording-Ragetlie, S., Klip, H., Buitelaar, J. K., & Slaats-Willemse, D. I. E. (2016) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2016.73034 · Cited by 8
Effects of Computerized Cognitive Training on Working Memory in a School Setting
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Ready for kindergarten: Are intelligence skills enough?
Fitzpatrick, C. (2017) · South African Journal of Childhood Education · doi:10.4102/sajce.v7i1.512 · Cited by 6
The Neural Mechanism Underlying Visual Working Memory Training and Its Limited Transfer Effect
Cai, Y., Yang, C., Wang, S., & Xue, G. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01897 · Cited by 6
Jiang, S., Jones, M., & von Bastian, C. C. (2023) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.306 · Cited by 8
¿Es posible entrenar la memoria de trabajo?: un programa para niños de 7–8 años
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“Ello induce a pensar que el entrenamiento de la habilidad de la memoria de trabajo permitiría incrementar su rendimiento en estas tareas cognitivas, tal como se apunta en un estudio muy reciente de Klingberg et al. (2002).”
Practical Considerations in WISC-V Interpretation and Intervention
Beal, A. L., Holdnack, J. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Weiss, L. G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404697-9.00003-0 · Cited by 6
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“) has sometimes (Caeyenberghs et al. 2016; Klingberg et al. 2002; Klingberg et al. 2005) but not always (Brehmer et al.”
BackgroundMethodTraining effects of attention and EF strategy-based training “Nexxo” in school-age students
Rossignoli-Palomeque, T., Pérez-Hernández, E., & González-Marqués, J. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103174 · Cited by 9
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Hellebrekers, D. M. J., Wirken, J. M. A., Lionarons, J. M., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Klinkenberg, S., Vles, J. S. H., & Hendriksen, J. G. M. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2096080 · Cited by 6
“Working memory may thus be a domain-general source and an important component for other cognitive functions (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Morrison & Chein, 2011).”
BackgroundDeaf children and children with ADHD in the inclusive classroom: working memory matters
Cockcroft, K., & Dhana-Dullabh, H. (2012) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2012.728252 · Cited by 9
Salami, F., Ashayeri, H., Estaki, M., Farzad, V., & Entezar, R. K. (2017) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v10n4p70 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, teaching executive functions plays a key role in the development of social and academic abilities of children (Hughes et al., 1998; Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundForgeot, B., Guilé, J.-M., & Cohen, D. (2011) · Perspectives Psy · doi:10.1051/ppsy/2011501069 · Cited by 8
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Sekiguchi, A., Nagase, T., Nouchi, R., Fukushima, A., & Kawashima, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00681 · Cited by 8
“…Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 3Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 4 Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan In intervention studies of cognitive training, the challenging cognitive tests, which…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMarquet-Doléac, J., Soppelsa, R., & Albaret, J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71115-2.50008-0 · Cited by 6
Vitiello, V. E., & Greenfield, D. B. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e584752012-193 · Cited by 6
“Although thus far the majority of this research has focused on school-aged children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Kerns et al., 1999; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002), studies involving preschool children suggest that executive skills training can increase inhibition and nonverbal reaso…”
Karbach, J. (2008) · doi:10.22028/d291-23295 · Cited by 6
“…exekutiven Kontrolltrainings sind allerdings beschränkt auf die Kindheit (Dowsett & Livesey, 2000; Fisher & Happé, 2005; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002b; Kloo & Perner, 2003; Rueda et al., 2005), und es gibt weder Befunde aus Aufgabenwechselstudien, noch hinsichtlich der…”
InfluentialKennedy, M. J. (2011) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 6
Boduroğlu, A., Minear, M. E., & Shah, P. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713181.ch3 · Cited by 6
A verbális fluencia és a munkamemória életkori változásai és szerepük az iskolai teljesítményben
Tánczos, T. (2014) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.2197 · Cited by 8
Joëssel, F., Cunningham, E. G., & Green, C. S. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-025-00316-6 · Cited by 5
“…life (Brown & Landgraf, 2010; Davis et al., 2010; Hsu et al., 2012), mental health (Baler & Volkow, 2006; Diamond, 2005; Jarmolowicz et al., 2013; Klingberg et al., 2002; Stordal et al., 2004; Taylor Tavares et al., 2007), physical health (Crescioni et al., 2011; Miller, 2011; Riggs et al.,…”
Ruffini, C., Pizzigallo, E., Pecini, C., Bertolo, L., & Carretti, B. (2025) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.70006 · Cited by 11
Puffenberger, S. S. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 5
Treinar memória de trabalho promove mudanças em inteligência fluida?
Alves, M. M., & Silva, R. S. (2017) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2017.2-19pt · Cited by 8
“…Beni, 2013; Borella et al., 2014; Jaeggi et al., 2008; Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides, & Shah, 2011; Jaušovec & Jaušovec, 2012; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002; Rudebeck, Bor, Ormond, O’Reilly, & Lee, 2012; Schmiedek, Lövdén, & Lindenberger, 2010; Stephenson & Halpern, 2013; Zinke et…”
BackgroundMethodThe Effect of Visual Working Memory Training Could Transfer Across Stimuli
Bi, T., Wang, X., Kou, H., & Qiu, J. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s240526 · Cited by 5
“as fluid intelligence,(11,13) selective attention,(12) visual search(39) and reasoning.(40) Other researchers considered the possibility that WM training could transfer to other WM tasks but not tasks without a WM component.”
BackgroundLi, Y., Fu, W., Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Li, X., Du, B., Deng, X., Ji, F., Dong, Q., Jaeggi, S. M., et al. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14154 · Cited by 5
Les troubles de l'attention en neuropsychologie : des modèles aux implications rééducatives
Azouvi, P. (2011) · Développements · doi:10.3917/devel.009.0005 · Cited by 5
Price, J. M., Colflesh, G. J. H., Cerella, J., & Verhaeghen, P. (2014) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.12.008 · Cited by 5
Farvardin, M. T., Afghari, A., & Koosha, M. (2014) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v7n9p137 · Cited by 5
“On the other hand, core training studies involve repetition of tough WM tests designed to target domain-general WM mechanisms (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultMohammadi, M. R., Soleimani, A. A., Farahmand, Z., Keshavarzi, S., & Ahmadi, N. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
NATIONAL FORUM ON EARLY CHILDHOOD POLICY AND PROGRAMS
Shonkoff, J. P., Richmond, J. B., Thompson, R. C., Duncan, G. J., Fisher, P. A., Neurobiology, S., Magnuson, K., Raver, C. C., Yoshikawa, H., Bales, S. N., et al. (2011) · Cited by 5
Allen, T. M., Anderson, L. M., Brotkin, S. M., Rothman, J., & Bonner, M. J. (2019) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000313 · Cited by 5
“In particular, in the empirical literature, there is considerable attention given to the CCT program, Cogmed Working Memory Training (Cogmed; Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002).”
Farrell, C. B., & Gilpin, A. T. (2021) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12523 · Cited by 5
Does Early Emotional Distress Predict Later Child Involvement in Gambling?
Pagani, L. S., Derevensky, J. L., & Japel, C. (2010) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371005500805 · Cited by 5
Lee, K. L. (2023) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1080/02103702.2022.2146305 · Cited by 7
“…con una muestra de niños de 10 años con bajo nivel de MT. Los niños fueron asignados a un grupo de intervención con el uso de CogMed (una versión comercial del programa basado en Klingberg et al., 2002) o a un grupo de control a quienes se administró una versión no adaptativa del programa CogMed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAhmadi, A., Arjmandnia, A. A., Azizi, M. P., & Motie, S. (2017) · Parastārī-i kūdakān · doi:10.21859/jpen-04017 · Cited by 5
Examining the Impact of Motivation on Working Memory Training in Youth With ADHD.
Sadeghi, M., McAuley, T., & Sandberg, S. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
Cognitive training for delinquents within a residential service in Japan
Miyaguchi, K., Matsuura, N., Shirataki, S., & Maeda, K. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.05.013 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 781-791
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2163254754
- Semantic Scholar
- 249861f2f06d32f1a763a5afb883bad83639a164
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- working memory training, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, adaptive training, transfer of training, visuospatial working memory, Raven's Progressive Matrices, nonverbal reasoning, prefrontal cortex, motor activity, head movement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Treatment Outcome
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