Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD
Open accessAbstract
This study evaluated the impact of two interventions—a training program and stimulant medication—on working memory (WM) function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty‐five children aged between 8 and 11 years participated in training that taxed WM skills to the limit for a minimum of 20 days, and completed other assessments of WM and IQ before and after training, and with and without prescribed drug treatment. While medication significantly improved visuo‐spatial memory performance, training led to substantial gains in all components of WM across untrained tasks. Training gains associated with the central executive persisted over a 6‐month period. IQ scores were unaffected by either intervention. These findings indicate that the WM impairments in children with ADHD can be differentially ameliorated by training and by stimulant medication. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Holmes et al. found that working memory training improved verbal and visuospatial working memory and short-term memory, while stimulant medication improved only visuospatial working memory.
“The authors found that the training improved verbal and visuospatial WM and short-term memory functioning, whereas stimulant medication only resulted in improvement in visuospatial WM.”
From Will Working Memory Training Generalize to Improve Off-Task Behavior in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? (2012) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., Place, M., Dunning, D. L., Hilton, K. A., & Elliott, J. G.
- Affiliations
- Northumbria University (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- Durham University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Holmes, Joni
- Venue
- Applied Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-06-22
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 827-836
- ISSN
- 0888-4080 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0720
- OpenAlex
- W2134991632
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 13.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Applied Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Academy
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- working memory, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, cognitive training, stimulant medication, visuospatial memory, central executive, transfer of training, IQ
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