The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity is the ability to retain and manipulate information during a short period of time. This ability underlies complex reasoning and has generally been regarded as a fixed trait of the individual. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represent one group of subjects with a WM deficit, attributed to an impairment of the frontal lobe. In the present study, we used a new training paradigm with intensive and adaptive training of WM tasks and evaluated the effect of training with a double blind, placebo controlled design. Training significantly enhanced performance on the trained WM tasks. More importantly, the training significantly improved performance on a nontrained visuo-spatial WM task and on Raven's Progressive Matrices, which is a nonverbal complex reasoning task. In addition, motor activity--as measured by the number of head movements during a computerized test--was significantly reduced in the treatment group. A second experiment showed that similar training-induced improvements on cognitive tasks are also possible in young adults without ADHD. These results demonstrate that performance on WM tasks can be significantly improved by training, and that the training effect also generalizes to nontrained tasks requiring WM. Training improved performance on tasks related to prefrontal functioning and had also a significant effect on motor activity in children with ADHD. The results thus suggest that WM training potentially could be of clinical use for ameliorating the symptoms in ADHD.
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“However, there are some obvious weaknesses in this study: the group sizes (7 children per group) are tiny – this study is, like many other studies in this area, severely underpowered.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“Another problem with the design of this study is that any differences found as a result of training may reflect differences in the duration of the computerized tasks performed by the two groups, rather than being effects of adaptive working memory training per se.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“The largest effect size for working memory training on nonverbal ability came from the earliest study (d = 2.18; Klingberg et al., 2002), which included only 7 subjects in each of the training and control groups.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“However, while some studies [84,85] show subsequent improvement in ADHD symptoms, others do not (e.g. [86], reviewed in e.g. [87]).”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Training individuals with ADHD on one specific cognitive domain, e.g. working memory, has been found to result in improved performance on the trained and similar tasks [84–86].”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“but they only used the incongruent trials as outcome measure; baseline response times to congruent trials were not controlled for, making it impossible to calculate the interference score)”
In the citing paper
“([85] and [86] also found differential effects on the STROOP”
In the citing paper
“In many ways our findings are similar to those of previous placebo controlled (single) EF training studies in children with ADHD [21], [84], [85], [86], [23] (but note that only one of these studies [21] corrected for multiple testing).”
In the citing paper
“Several studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of CogMed training in children with ADHD (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the idea that WM-training programs such as CWMT exert stronger benefits to low-WM individuals (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002;Weicker et al., 2016) is not supported.”
From The cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
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“Children who followed the computer-based working memory training program (Cogmed Working Memory Training, 10) not only showed improved working memory abilities over time, but also showed better performance on related executive function tasks such as logic reasoning and response inhibition and still continued to show e…”
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Correlation of Motor Abilities and Executive Functions in Children With ADHD
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“…improvement of WM performance and inhibition control by a pharmacological treatment with methylphenidate and a specific cognitive training program (Bedard, Jain, Johnson, & Tannock, 2007; Bedard, Martinussen, Ickowicz, & Tannock, 2004; Bedard & Tannock, 2008; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
Modifying Brain Networks Underlying Self-Regulation
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“Domain-general training on the other hand involves core training, such as practice on tasks with increasing working memory demand, to improve domain-general working memory mechanisms (e.g., Klingberg et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialFeasibility of computerized working memory training in individuals with Huntington disease
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“Some of them, such as CogMed, had even been originally developed with people affected by other disorders [10].”
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“These findings are in agreement with previous evidence describing gains in WM capacity after CogMed training in different clinical populations (56, 57), and across different ages (48, 55, 63, 78, 79, 85), and support that, within a specific CP form, improvements may be found regardless of clinical variability such as…”
ResultOnline closed‐loop real‐time tES‐fMRI for brain modulation: A technical report
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“Therefore, workingmemory training has been used in different treatment programs to improve clinical outcomes in different psychiatric and neurologic populations (Brooks et al., 2017; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002).”
MethodAttention and material-specific memory in children with lateralized epilepsy
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“Numerous studies established that WM has a better plasticity (Buschkuehl and Jaeggi, 2010; Constantinidis and Klingberg, 2016; Jaeggi et al., 2008; Klingberg, 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002; Lustig et al., 2009; Morrison and Chein, 2011; Pappa et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2018).”
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A cross-sectional examination of response inhibition and working memory on the Stroop task
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“Ever since the first study by Klingberg, Forssberg, and Westerberg (2002), who demonstrated some positive effects of a WM training in an ADHD population, the debate on the effectiveness of WM training in children with ADHD has grown.”
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Self-citationThe Benefits of Working Memory Capacity on Attentional Control under Pressure
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“The plasticity of WMC was widely explored in the past decade, numerous studies indicated that WM training could improve WMC, which is regarded as “near transfer” (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002; Dahlin et al., 2008; Chein and Morrison, 2010; Jaeggi et al., 2011; for review see Shipstead et al., 2012).”
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“Although, there is evidence that such programs could improve WM, IQ, and behavioral inhibition of children with ADHD (Holmes et al. 2010; Klingberg et al. 2002), a recent meta-analysis on a wide range of WM training programs concluded that such training programs provided only near-transfer, short-term effects (Melby-L…”
A Preliminary Multiple Case Report of Neurocognitive Training for Children With AD/HD in China
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The therapeutic potential of working memory training for treating mental disorders
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“…purposes other than directly inducing an increase in fluid intelligence, such as its potential to treat rumination in depression (Wanmaker et al., 2015), treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Klingberg et al., 2002), and even improving deductive reasoning (Beatty and Vartanian, 2015).”
InfluentialChristiner, M., Renner, J., Groß, C., Seither‐Preisler, A., Benner, J., & Schneider, P. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895063 · Cited by 23
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“The importance of executive functions in many individuals has led researchers to design trainings to improve executive functions (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
BackgroundUsing a game-based learning model as a new teaching strategy for computer engineering
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“[23] stated that the essence of playing is challenge and risk.”
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“Em um segundo experimento, Klingberg et al. (2002) treinaram quatro adultos jovens (idades entre 23 e 29 anos) saudáveis utilizando o mesmo regime de treinamento, não sendo utilizado um grupo de controle.”
BackgroundEffects of Cogmed working memory training on cognitive performance
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“(Comblain, 1994; McNamara and Scott, 2001; Minear and Shah, 2006) and that the improvement often generalizes to untrained working memory tasks and related cognitive processes, such as reasoning (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialDisentangling common from specific processing across tasks using task potency
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“, 2015b)), spatial working memory (WM (van Ewijk et al., 2015; Klingberg et al., 2002; McNab et al., 2008; von Rhein et al., 2015a)) (see Supplementary Table 1).”
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Exercise modulates the interaction between cognition and anxiety in humans
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“The gamified training utilizes adaptive difficulty levels and is performed on a daily basis to enhance working memory capacities (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
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Cognitive training in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: A pilot randomized trial
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Improving short-term and working memory: Methods of memory training
Clair‐Thompson, H. S. (2008) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34210533 · Cited by 17
Schuitema, I., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Kaspers, G. J. L., van der Pal, H. J. H., Uyttebroeck, A., van den Bos, C., & Veerman, A. J. P. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617715000788 · Cited by 17
Nelwan, M., & Kroesbergen, E. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01384 · Cited by 17
“Regarding this issue, lack of the program’s ability to adapt efficiently to the level of the trainee - as has been proposed by Klingberg et al. (2002, 2005)- could be an explanation for the results obtained by this study.”
Executive function training in children with SLI: A pilot study
Vugs, B., Knoors, H. E. T., Cuperus, J. M., Hendriks, M. P. H., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2016) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/0265659016667772 · Cited by 18
“To date, most studies particularly focused on the training of WM. Convincing evidence has been found for the trainability of WM in children with ADHD (Beck et al., 2010; Green et al., 2012; Holmes et al., 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
Maruyama, T., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Motoki, K., Jeong, H., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Nouchi, R., Iizuka, K., Yokoyama, R., et al. (2018) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2018/6574178 · Cited by 17
“When there were hypotheses, one-tailed t-tests were used, as described previously [34, 35].”
Genes and experience shape brain networks of conscious control
Posner, M. I. (2005) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(05)50012-8 · Cited by 17
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2004) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np.2004.23 · Cited by 17
Toffalini, E., Buono, S., & Cornoldi, C. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104306 · Cited by 16
Tan, J. W., Chong, D. K. S., Ng, K. B., Car, L. T., & Mogali, S. R. (2023) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2286 · Cited by 21
Bach, P., Vollstädt‐Klein, S., Frischknecht, U., Hoerst, M., Kiefer, F., Mann, K. F., Ende, G., & Hermann, D. (2012) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e31825c38f5 · Cited by 16
Kawasaki, M., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00318 · Cited by 16
“The VWM capacity can be increased by training (Klingberg et al., 2002; Olesen et al., 2004; Jaeggi et al., 2008; McNab et al., 2009) or enhanced motivation by rewards such as money (Pochon et al.”
A New Framework of Design and Continuous Evaluation to Improve Brain Training
Seitz, A. R. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0058-8 · Cited by 17
“…can alter fundamental brain processes and in turn benefit the diversity of tasks that people conduct in daily life that rely upon those abilities (Anguera et al. 2013; Bul et al. 2015; Deveau et al. 2014b; Jaeggi et al. 2008; Klingberg et al. 2002; Merzenich et al. 1996; Whitton et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialWorking Memory Training Following Neonatal Critical Illness: A Randomized Controlled Trial*
Schiller, R. M., Madderom, M. J., van Rosmalen, J., van Heijst, A. F. J., de Blaauw, I., Utens, E. M. W. J., Rietman, A. B., Verhulst, F. C., Tibboel, D., White, T. J. H., et al. (2018) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000003151 · Cited by 16
The Emergence of Cognitive Control Abilities in Childhood
Hsu, N. S., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2013) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2013_241 · Cited by 18
“In addition to improving on the trained WM task, participants significantly improved on an untrained WM task, as well as on Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM), a non-verbal complex reasoning task (Klingberg et al. 2002).”
MethodAppelgren, A., Bengtsson, S., & Söderqvist, S. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3184 · Cited by 17
“Cogmed’s WM training program is based on tasks developed in previous research (Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002).”
Muris, P., Roodenrijs, D., Kelgtermans, L., Sliwinski, S., Berlage, U., Baillieux, H., Deckers, A., Gunther, M., Paanakker, B., & Holterman, I. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0812-x · Cited by 20
“Thus, the interventions that included the WMT component appeared to produce a (somewhat) better effect on indices of verbal and visuospatial working memory, which is in agreement with was has been reported in previous studies [27, 70–75] and of course not that surprising because improvement of working memory capacity…”
BackgroundResultLazzaro, G., Varuzza, C., Costanzo, F., Fucà, E., Vara, S. D., Matteis, M. E. D., Vicari, S., & Menghini, D. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010040 · Cited by 16
“Functional neuroimaging findings [52] reported that working memory capacity was correlated with brain activity in the fronto-parietal network and that older children showed higher activation than the younger children did.”
BackgroundDo computerised training programmes designed to improve working memory work?
Apter, B. (2012) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2012.712915 · Cited by 19
“• Expectancy effect by virtue of subjects’ association with researchers, possibly incorporating a Hawthorne effect, for example, Klingberg and colleagues (Klingberg et al., 2002; Klingberg et al., 2005; Olesen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRueda, M. R., Cómbita, L. M., & Pozuelos, J. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42662-4_4 · Cited by 16
Hadwin, J. A., & Field, A. P. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470661468.ch1 · Cited by 16
Jiang, Y., & Johnston, C. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0158-7 · Cited by 22
On the Importance of a Cognitive Processing Perspective: An Introduction
Fuchs, D., Hale, J. B., & Kearns, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219411400019 · Cited by 15
Neuropsychological Effects of Pediatric Brain Tumors and Associated Treatment
Walsh, K. S., & Paltin, I. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7584-3_16 · Cited by 15
“) has revealed improvements in working memory, with sustained benefi ts to as long as 6-months post-training [ 104 , 105 ].”
BackgroundMcDermott, A. F., Rose, M. C., Norris, T. W., & Gordon, E. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715623044 · Cited by 21
Aasvik, J. K., Woodhouse, A., Stiles, T. C., Jacobsen, H. B., Landmark, T., Glette, M., Borchgrevink, P. C., & Landrø, N. I. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02003 · Cited by 16
“Several studies have examined effects of WM training on measures of inhibition (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Olesen et al., 2004; Westerberg et al., 2007; Thorell et al., 2009; Chein and Morrison, 2010; Van der Molen et al., 2010; Dahlin, 2011; Anguera et al., 2013; Berkman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExecutive Function and Early Mathematical Learning Difficulties
Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97148-3_43 · Cited by 20
A tablet computer-based cognitive training program for young children with cognitive impairment
Ko, E. J., Sung, I. Y., Yuk, J. S., Jang, D., & Yun, G. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019549 · Cited by 15
“However, studies during the 2000s reported that cognitive function in children with cognitive impairment could be improved by cognitive rehabilitation programs.([18,19]) This concept is based on the theory articulated by Feuerstein et al known as “cognitive modifiability””
BackgroundRoording-Ragetlie, S., Spaltman, M., de Groot, E., Klip, H., Buitelaar, J. K., & Slaats-Willemse, D. I. E. (2021) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12895 · Cited by 19
“Condition 2: Placebo Cogmed Working Memory Training The placebo condition was identical to the treatment condition, except for the adaptivity.”
MethodInfluentialHarrell, W., Gipson, D. S., Belger, A., Matsuda‐Abedini, M., Björnson, B., & Hooper, S. R. (2021) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2021.09.009 · Cited by 15
Strong Gamma Frequency Oscillations in the Adolescent Prefrontal Cortex
Wang, Z., Singh, B., Zhou, X., & Constantinidis, C. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1604-21.2022 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 781-791
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2163254754
- Semantic Scholar
- 249861f2f06d32f1a763a5afb883bad83639a164
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- working memory training, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, adaptive training, transfer of training, visuospatial working memory, Raven's Progressive Matrices, nonverbal reasoning, prefrontal cortex, motor activity, head movement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Treatment Outcome
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