The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity is the ability to retain and manipulate information during a short period of time. This ability underlies complex reasoning and has generally been regarded as a fixed trait of the individual. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represent one group of subjects with a WM deficit, attributed to an impairment of the frontal lobe. In the present study, we used a new training paradigm with intensive and adaptive training of WM tasks and evaluated the effect of training with a double blind, placebo controlled design. Training significantly enhanced performance on the trained WM tasks. More importantly, the training significantly improved performance on a nontrained visuo-spatial WM task and on Raven's Progressive Matrices, which is a nonverbal complex reasoning task. In addition, motor activity--as measured by the number of head movements during a computerized test--was significantly reduced in the treatment group. A second experiment showed that similar training-induced improvements on cognitive tasks are also possible in young adults without ADHD. These results demonstrate that performance on WM tasks can be significantly improved by training, and that the training effect also generalizes to nontrained tasks requiring WM. Training improved performance on tasks related to prefrontal functioning and had also a significant effect on motor activity in children with ADHD. The results thus suggest that WM training potentially could be of clinical use for ameliorating the symptoms in ADHD.
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“However, there are some obvious weaknesses in this study: the group sizes (7 children per group) are tiny – this study is, like many other studies in this area, severely underpowered.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“Another problem with the design of this study is that any differences found as a result of training may reflect differences in the duration of the computerized tasks performed by the two groups, rather than being effects of adaptive working memory training per se.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“The largest effect size for working memory training on nonverbal ability came from the earliest study (d = 2.18; Klingberg et al., 2002), which included only 7 subjects in each of the training and control groups.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“However, while some studies [84,85] show subsequent improvement in ADHD symptoms, others do not (e.g. [86], reviewed in e.g. [87]).”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Training individuals with ADHD on one specific cognitive domain, e.g. working memory, has been found to result in improved performance on the trained and similar tasks [84–86].”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“but they only used the incongruent trials as outcome measure; baseline response times to congruent trials were not controlled for, making it impossible to calculate the interference score)”
In the citing paper
“([85] and [86] also found differential effects on the STROOP”
In the citing paper
“In many ways our findings are similar to those of previous placebo controlled (single) EF training studies in children with ADHD [21], [84], [85], [86], [23] (but note that only one of these studies [21] corrected for multiple testing).”
In the citing paper
“Several studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of CogMed training in children with ADHD (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the idea that WM-training programs such as CWMT exert stronger benefits to low-WM individuals (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002;Weicker et al., 2016) is not supported.”
From The cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 998
Bangirana, P., Giordani, B., John, C. C., Page, C., Opoka, R. O., & Boivin, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181b0f01b · Cited by 98
“15,16 This implies that dedicated training of specific abilities such as working memory that are foundational to other cognitive skills may result in improvement in both trained and untrained tasks.”
Björkdahl, A., Åkerlund, E., Svensson, S., & Esbjörnsson, E. (2013) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.830196 · Cited by 98
“[12] (RoboMemo for children and Cogmed QM for adults, earlier called ReMemo)”
BackgroundHow to build better memory training games
Deveau, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Zordan, V. B., Phung, C., & Seitz, A. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00243 · Cited by 101
“Recent approaches targeting skills related to WM (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Jaeggi et al., 2008, 2010; Anguera et al., 2013; Goldin et al., 2014) have shown generalizing benefits to a wide number of non-trained cognitive tasks that are thought to rely on WM, including executive control and fluid…”
InfluentialComputer-based Cognitive Training for ADHD
Sonuga-Barke, E., Brandeis, D., Holtmann, M., & Cortese, S. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.009 · Cited by 92
Training of the executive component of working memory: Subcortical areas mediate transfer effects
Dahlin, E., Bäckman, L., Neely, A. S., & Nyberg, L. H. (2009) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2009-0492 · Cited by 95
“Cognitive interventions have revealed that it is possible to increase performance in children with ADHD (Klingberg et al., 2002), patients with traumatic brain injury (Kim et al., 2008), and schizophrenic patients (L´opez-Luengo and V´azquez, 2003).”
What people believe about memory
Magnussen, S. J., Andersson, J., Cornoldi, C., Béni, R. D., Endestad, T., Goodman, G. S., Helstrup, T., Koriat, A., Larsson, M. U., Melinder, A. M. D., et al. (2006) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210600646716 · Cited by 102
“Recent data by Klingberg, Forssberg, and Westerberg (2002) showed that intense visuo-spatial working memory training in children with ADHD results in significant transfer to other memory tasks and to non-memory tasks, such as solving Raven’s matrices.”
Potentials and Limits of Plasticity Induced by Working Memory Training in Old-Old Age
Zinke, K., Zeintl, M., Eschen, A., Herzog, C., & Kliegel, M. (2011) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000324240 · Cited by 102
van der Donk, M. L. A., Hiemstra‐Beernink, A., Kalff, A. C., van der Leij, A., & Lindauer, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01081 · Cited by 113
“Six of these studies showed treatment effects on trained WM tasks (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005; Gray et al., 2012; Green et al., 2012; Hovik et al., 2013; Chacko et al., 2014) and two studies have also shown treatment effects on untrained WM tasks (Holmes et al., 2010; Hovik et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialKirk, H., Gray, K. M., Riby, D. M., & Cornish, K. M. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.026 · Cited by 110
A simultaneous examination of two forms of working memory training: Evidence for near transfer only
Minear, M., Brasher, F., Guerrero, C. B., Brasher, M., Moore, A., & Sukeena, J. (2016) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0616-9 · Cited by 85
“The first has been used in prior studies of working-memory training in which participants practice a non-adaptive version of the n-back task (Klingberg et al. 2002; 2005).”
BackgroundMethodBikic, A., Leckman, J., Christensen, T., Bilenberg, N., & Dalsgaard, S. (2018) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1151-y · Cited by 97
Improving working memory efficiency by reframing metacognitive interpretation of task difficulty.
Autin, F., & Croizet, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0027478 · Cited by 102
Spaced cognitive training promotes training transfer.
Wang, Z., Zhou, R., & Shah, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00217 · Cited by 81
“For example, working memory training has been found to reduce the symptoms of ADHD children (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005), facilitate the recovery of cognitive functions in patients after stroke (Westerberg et al., 2007), enhance “old-old” adults’ memory performance (80 years old; Buschkuehl et…”
BackgroundPlasticity of brain and cognition in older adults
Brehmer, Y., Kalpouzos, G., Wenger, E., & Lövdén, M. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0587-z · Cited by 95
Cassidy, S., Roche, B. T., Colbert, D., Stewart, I., & Grey, I. M. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.03.001 · Cited by 97
Could training executive function improve treatment outcomes for eating disorders?
Juarascio, A. S., Manasse, S. M., Espel, H. M., Kerrigan, S. G., & Forman, E. M. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.013 · Cited by 86
A pilot study of combined working memory and inhibition training for children with AD/HD
Johnstone, S. J., Roodenrys, S., Phillips, E., Watt, A. J., & Mantz, S. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-009-0017-z · Cited by 84
“role in AD/HD (Klingberg et al. 2002; Roodenrys 2006).”
BackgroundTraining Attention-Switching Ability in Adults With ADHD
White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2006) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705286063 · Cited by 83
“Furthermore, Klingberg et al. (2002) found that training benefits extended to other tasks of frontal lobe function, including a test of fluid intelligence (Raven’s) and a test of inhibitory control (the Stroop).”
BackgroundDopamine and training-related working-memory improvement
Bäckman, L., & Nyberg, L. H. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.014 · Cited by 90
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after Learning to Perform a Spatial Working Memory Task
Qi, X.-L., Meyer, T., Stanford, T. R., & Constantinidis, C. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr058 · Cited by 83
“…impact of training on brain activation has received much attention in human studies recently, since training in working memory tasks has proved effective as a remediating intervention in cases of brain injury and mental disorders (Wexler et al. 2000; Klingberg et al. 2002; Westerberg et al. 2007).”
InfluentialWorking memory updating and binding training: Bayesian evidence supporting the absence of transfer.
De Simoni, C., & von Bastian, C. C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000453 · Cited by 84
Working Memory and Cross-Frequency Coupling of Neuronal Oscillations
Abubaker, M., Qasem, W. A., & Kvašňák, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756661 · Cited by 88
“Neural activity in the prefrontal cortex and the strength of connectivity between the prefrontal and parietal cortices have been shown to be improved by training, as suggested by the studies in the humans and non-human primates (Klingberg et al., 2002; Jaeggi et al., 2008; Siegel et al., 2012; Constantinidis and Kling…”
ResultSustained favorable effects of cognitive training in children with acquired brain injuries
Hooft, I. V., Andersson, K., Bergman, B., Sejersen, T., von Wendt, L., & Bartfai, A. (2007) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-2007-22206 · Cited by 83
“…dysfunction commonly observed in the long-term follow-up of children with acquired brain injuries [2–5 ,12– 14 In children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) specific training focused on attention or working memory has demonstrated positive effects on neuropsychological parameters [20,21,27].”
Short-term training in the Go/Nogo task: Behavioural and neural changes depend on task demands
Benikos, N., Johnstone, S. J., & Roodenrys, S. J. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.12.001 · Cited by 90
“…(Klingberg, 2010; Lindqvist and Thorell, 2009; Thorell et al., 2009), while the training of WM at low levels of capacity does not lead to a substantial improvement (for a combined WM and inhibition training study see Johnstone et al., 2010; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPozuelos, J. P., Cómbita, L. M., Gutiérrez, A. A., Paz‐Alonso, P. M., Conejero, Á., Guerra, S., & Rueda, M. R. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12756 · Cited by 91
“…working memory training studies have been shown to produce gains in fluid intelligence ( fIQ ) in young children (Neville et al., 2013; Rueda et al., 2012), older children (Jaeggi et al., 2011; Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002), and adults (Jau šovec & Jaušovec, 2012; Karbach & Kray, 2009).”
BackgroundA Look into Programmers’ Heads
Peitek, N., Siegmund, J., Apel, S., Kästner, C., Parnin, C., Bethmann, A., Leich, T., Saake, G., & Brechmann, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2018.2863303 · Cited by 82
“In the same vein, additional areas for working memory might be observed in different studies, depending on the task (e.g., BAs 32, 43, and 54), indicating that not the entire network is recruited for program comprehension.”
Kuhn, J., & Holling, H. (2014) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0157-2 · Cited by 92
“The third WM training task was a variant of the letter span task, in which a sequence of auditorily presented letters or numbers, each occurring in 50% of the trials, had to be memorized, of which a randomly-selected one had to be retrieved (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
MethodThe role of anxiety and working memory in gender differences in mathematics.
Ganley, C. M., & Vasilyeva, M. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034099 · Cited by 91
Phonological mismatch and explicit cognitive processing in a sample of 102 hearing-aid users
Rudner, M., Foo, C., Sundewall-Thorén, E., Lunner, T., & Rönnberg, J. (2008) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992020802304393 · Cited by 88
“WM activity leaves a particular signature in terms of prefrontalparietal cortical neural networks (Rönnberg et al, 2004; Rudner et al, 2007), and has social consequences via its impact on linguistic, educational, and communicative ability (Klingberg et al, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Relation Between Cognitive Control and Risky Driving in Young Novice Drivers
Ross, V., Jongen, E. M. M., Brijs, T., Ruiter, R. A. C., Brijs, K., & Wets, G. (2014) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2013.838958 · Cited by 79
“Research indeed showed that cognitive-control functions are flexible and can be altered by training, leading to improvements in performance (Cassavaugh & Kramer, 2009; Jolles, Grol, Van Buchem, Rombouts, & Crone, 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodColeman, B., Marion, S., Rizzo, A., Turnbull, J., & Nolty, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01851 · Cited by 78
“Interestingly, the present results did not yield significant differences in head movements during the sustained attention task, contrary to Klingberg et al. (2002)’s finding of a reduction in head movements during the assessment of children with ADHD after working memory training.”
ResultDopamine, working memory, and training induced plasticity: Implications for developmental research.
Söderqvist, S., Nutley, S. B., Peyrard‐Janvid, M., Matsson, H., Humphreys, K., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026179 · Cited by 80
Self-citationThe Efficacy of Cognitive Training Programs in Children and Adolescents
Karch, D., Albers, L. E., Renner, G., Lichtenauer, N., & von Kries, R. (2013) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0643 · Cited by 86
Do the effects of working memory training depend on baseline ability level?
Foster, J. L., Harrison, T. L., Hicks, K. L., Draheim, C., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000426 · Cited by 76
Macoun, S. J., Schneider, I., Bedir, B., Sheehan, J. C., & Sung, A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04723-w · Cited by 90
Working Memory Training is Associated with Long Term Attainments in Math and Reading
Söderqvist, S., & Nutley, S. B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01711 · Cited by 92
“This suggests that benefits are evident also when using shorter training protocols, a finding that may be impactful for trainees that are unable (due to fatigue or practical reasons) to go through the rather demanding 40– 50 min/day protocol originally developed (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
BackgroundPromoting the development of executive functions through early education and prevention programs.
Bierman, K. L., & Torres, M. M. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14797-014 · Cited by 85
When is working memory important for arithmetic? The impact of strategy and age
Cragg, L., Richardson, S., Hubber, P. J., Keeble, S., & Gilmore, C. K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188693 · Cited by 95
Understanding Memory Dysfunction
Budson, A. E. (2009) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0b013e318188040d · Cited by 80
O'connell, R. G., Bellgrove, M. A., Dockree, P. M., & Robertson, I. H. (2006) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010500200250 · Cited by 74
Henry, L. A., Messer, D. J., & Nash, G. (2014) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1816 · Cited by 72
The development and malleability of executive control abilities
Hsu, N. S., Novick, J. M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00221 · Cited by 78
“In addition to improving on the trained WM task, participants significantly improved on an untrained WM task, as well as on Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM), a non-verbal complex reasoning task (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodChristiner, M., & Reiterer, S. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8090169 · Cited by 89
“In addition, research on WM training programs has noted remarkable improvements after training sessions with children suffering from attention deficits, not only in what was trained, but also in new unrelated tasks [61].”
BackgroundExecutive Functioning Theory and Autism
Geurts, H. M., de Vries, M., & van den Bergh, S. F. W. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_8 · Cited by 80
Working Memory Training in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Khemiri, L., Brynte, C., Stünkel, A., Klingberg, T., & Jayaram‐Lindström, N. (2018) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13910 · Cited by 79
Self-citationCheng, J., Liu, A., Shi, M. Y., & Yan, Z. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.30 · Cited by 73
“Training of working memory in children with ADHD has been suggested as a potential clinical use for ameliorating ADHD symptoms (Klingberg et al, 2002, 2005).”
The Hype Cycle of Working Memory Training
Redick, T. S. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419848668 · Cited by 69
“Morrison, 2010), reduce ADHD symptoms in children (Klingberg et al., 2005) and alcohol consumption in heavy drinkers (Houben et al.”
Virta (2010) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s11743 · Cited by 71
“13,17 Also short-term attention-switching training has been shown to transfer to new tasks of attention-switching in adults with ADHD.”
Cogmed Working Memory Training Product Review
Roche, J. D., & Johnson, B. D. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714524275 · Cited by 77
“…Cogmed may improve inattention and hyperactive symptoms (e.g., Beck et al., 2010; Brehmer et al., 2012; Cogmed, 2013; Green et al., 2012; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002b), reading comprehension (K. Dahlin, 2011), and mathematic ability (K. I. E. Dahlin, 2013; Holmes et al., 2009).”
BackgroundVermeij, A., Claassen, J. A. H. R., DAUTZENBERG, P. L. J., & Kessels, R. P. C. (2015) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2015.1048694 · Cited by 80
Attention Training for School-Aged Children With ADHD: Results of an Open Trial
Tamm, L., Hughes, C. W., Ames, L., Pickering, J. S., Silver, C. H., Stavinoha, P. L., Castillo, C. L., Rintelmann, J. W., Moore, J., Foxwell, A. A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709347446 · Cited by 76
“, 2004; Thomson, Seidenstrang, Kerns, Sohlberg, & Mateer, 1984) and restlessness and head movements (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSchmidt, M., Mavilidi, M. F., Singh, A., & Englert, C. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101908 · Cited by 70
Roughan, L. A., & Hadwin, J. A. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.011 · Cited by 71
Cognitive enhancement: a comparative review of computerized and athletic training programs
Moreau, D., & Conway, A. R. A. (2013) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2012.758763 · Cited by 78
“…either a non-adaptive version of the task present in the experimental condition (Holmes, Gathercole, & Dunning, 2009; Klingberg et al., 2005) or, more generally, a less taxing version of the task for the active control group (Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002; Persson & Reuter-Lorenz, 2008).”
A preliminary study of the effects of working memory training on brain function
Stevens, M. C. G., Gaynor, A. M., Bessette, K. L., & Pearlson, G. D. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9416-2 · Cited by 80
“For instance, for Cogmed specifically 13 peerreviewed clinical trials (including 8 randomized clinical trials) found ADHD patients' WM ability improves after training (Beck et al. 2010; Chacko et al. 2013; Dahlin 2013; Egeland et al. 2013; Gibson et al. 2011; Gray et al. 2012; Green et al. 2012; Gropper et al. 2014; H…”
Söderqvist, S., Matsson, H., Peyrard‐Janvid, M., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00478 · Cited by 78
“Participants trained using RM provided by Cogmed, as developed by Klingberg et al. (2002, 2005).”
Self-citationGibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Johnson, A. C., Steeger, C. M., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Morrissey, R. A. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.551186 · Cited by 71
“Given that the symptoms associated with ADHD arise, at least in part, from weaknesses in WM, Klingberg et al. (2005) recently examined whether adaptive WM training might serve as an effective intervention for ADHD (see also, Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002 ).”
Working Memory Updating Function Training Influenced Brain Activity
Zhao, X., Zhou, R., & Fu, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071063 · Cited by 75
“In recent years, training results from children [13,14],adults [15,16],and people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [17],alcohol spectrum disorders[18] and stroke [19] have demonstrated that an individual’s working memory ability is plastic.”
Nutley, S. B., & Söderqvist, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00069 · Cited by 80
“A well-functioning WM is therefore crucial for a number of everyday activities including learning and academic performance (Gathercole et al., 2003; Bull et al., 2008), which is the focus of this review.”
BackgroundRittschof, K. A. (2008) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-008-9093-6 · Cited by 74
“For example, training on working memory tasks has shown to generalize to nontrained visuospatial working-memory tasks for both ADHD children, and adults without ADHD (Klingberg et al. 2002).”
Prospective memory training in older adults and its relevance for successful aging
Hering, A., Rendell, P. G., Rose, N. S., Schnitzspahn, K. M., & Kliegel, M. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0566-4 · Cited by 74
Brehmer, Y., Li, S.-C., Straube, B., Stoll, G., von Oertzen, T., Müller, V., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.227 · Cited by 69
Wentink, M. M., Berger, M., de Kloet, A. J., Meesters, J. J. L., Band, G. P. H., Wolterbeek, R., Goossens, P. H., & Vlieland, T. P. M. V. (2016) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2016.1162175 · Cited by 69
Exploring N -Back Cognitive Training for Children With ADHD
Jones, M. R., Katz, B., Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., & Shah, P. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718779230 · Cited by 64
Jolles, D., Kleibeuker, S. W., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01016.x · Cited by 71
“In addition, future research should specifically test for the relations between VLPFC, DLPFC and parietal regions, for example using functional connectivity analyses (Fair, Dosenbach, Church, Cohen, Brahmbhatt, Miezin, Barch, Raichle, Petersen & Schlaggar, 2007; Narayanan et al., 2005; Wendelken et al., 2008) and diff…”
BackgroundInfluentialKerns, K. A., MacSween, J., Wekken, S. V., & Gruppuso, V. (2010) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2010.511421 · Cited by 68
“Studies showing gains in non-trained tasks of working memory and attention suggest that these two key cognitive abilities are overlapping concepts [55, 65].”
The role of strategy use in working memory training outcomes
Fellman, D., Jylkkä, J., Waris, O., Soveri, A., Ritakallio, L., Haga, S., Salmi, J., Nyman, T. J., & Laine, M. (2020) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.104064 · Cited by 64
Effects of processing speed training on cognitive functions and neural systems
Takeuchi, H., & Kawashima, R. (2012) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2012-0035 · Cited by 67
Rabipour, S., & Davidson, P. S. R. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.002 · Cited by 67
Vallat‐Azouvi, C., Pradat-Diehl, P., & Azouvi, P. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050902970711 · Cited by 75
“Training of working memory has been found useful in a few other conditions, such as children with ADHD [30, 31], stroke [32, 33] or in a patient with a brain tumour in the left temporal lobe [34].”
BackgroundWorking Memory Training in College Students With ADHD or LD
Gropper, R. J., Gotlieb, H., Kronitz, R., & Tannock, R. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713516490 · Cited by 67
“Previous studies have found training-related reduction in ADHD symptoms, as measured by parent-completed rating scales (Beck et al., 2010; Holmes et al., 2009; Klingberg et al., 2005; Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultGarcía-Madruga, J. A., Veiga, I. G., & Chaves, J. Ó. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00058 · Cited by 81
“For instance, Klingberg et al. (2002) reported that young adults trained using a protocol that combines multiple WM tasks improved significantly on cognitive control and general fluid intelligence measures.”
BackgroundBenzing, V., & Schmidt, M. (2017) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0757-9 · Cited by 74
“The fact that a training programme needs to be individually customised and adaptive in order to have positive effects on the executive functions is generally accepted in the field of cognitive training [43, 44].”
BackgroundTraining to Improve Language Outcomes in Cochlear Implant Recipients
Ingvalson, E. M., & Wong, P. C. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00263 · Cited by 65
“The initial efforts to train working memory worked with children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between 7 and 15 years old (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
BackgroundImproving Clinical Practices for Children With Language and Learning Disorders
Kamhi, A. G. (2014) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2014_lshss-13-0063 · Cited by 71
Training Cognition in ADHD: Current Findings, Borrowed Concepts, and Future Directions
Rutledge, K. J., van den Bos, W., McClure, S. M., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0134-9 · Cited by 75
“[65] program used visuospatial and spatial-verbal working memory (span) tasks.”
Imaging the developing brain with fMRI
Davidson, M. C., Thomas, K. M., & Casey, B. J. (2003) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.10076 · Cited by 65
“It is important to note that performance and age are often correlated so it may be necessary to run additional tests (e.g., partial correlations or multiple regression models) to effectively evaluate these contributions [Casey et al., 1995; Klingberg et al., 2002].”
Why is working memory performance unstable? A review of 21 factors
Blasiman, R. N., & Was, C. A. (2018) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1472 · Cited by 65
“Research on the effects of WM training has been conducted on a range of age groups, from children (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005) and young adults (Dahlin et al., 2008; Jaeggi et al., 2008) to adults and the elderly (Borella Europe's Journal of Psychology 2018, Vol. 14(1), 188–231…”
BackgroundJučaitė, A., Fernell, E., Forssberg, H., & Hadders‐Algra, M. (2003) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00882.x · Cited by 67
“1999) and visuospatial working memory (Klingberg et al. 2002) are of particular interest as these functions store information during a limited time period, similar to that required for the storage of sensory information of an object’s weight from one lift to another.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorking Memory Training Promotes General Cognitive Abilities in Genetically Heterogeneous Mice
Light, K., Kolata, S., Wass, C., Denman-Brice, A., Zagalsky, R., & Matzel, L. D. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.034 · Cited by 65
“For instance, training programs that promote attention have been determined to have modest effects on children’s performance on tests considered to be indicative of fluid intelligence [20, 21, 23], and this effect is accentuated in children that express attention deficit disorders [18].”
RCT of Working Memory Training in ADHD: Long-Term Near-Transfer Effects
Hovik, K. T., Saunes, B.-K., Aarlien, A. K., & Egeland, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080561 · Cited by 74
“Proponents of computerized WM training advocate the use of training programs to treat the cognitive deficits associated with ADHD, and point to studies suggesting that children with ADHD can improve their WM by practicing on adaptive computer-based programs [4,5].”
BackgroundExecutive Function in Education
Karner‐Huțuleac, A. (2011) · Cited by 64
Dörrenbächer, S., Müller, P. M., Tröger, J., & Kray, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01275 · Cited by 59
“Some studies point to strong transfer effects, both in untrained but structurally similar WM tasks (near transfer) and in other cognitive domains, such as interference control or even reasoning (far transfer, e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
BackgroundQiu, H. J., Liang, X., Wang, P., Zhang, H., & Shum, D. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103692 · Cited by 84
Learning to attend: Effects of practice on information selection
Kelley, T. A., & Yantis, S. (2009) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.7.16 · Cited by 64
“Where such evidence does exist (Jaeggi et al., 2008; Klingberg et al., 2002; Olesen et al., 2004), it seems to suggest that effective training on a single working memory task leads to general improvements in working memory capacity and overall cognitive ability.”
BackgroundEvidence for Narrow Transfer after Short-Term Cognitive Training in Older Adults
Souders, D. J., Boot, W. R., Blocker, K. A., Vitale, T., Roque, N. A., & Charness, N. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00041 · Cited by 65
“This task taps visuospatial memory and is similar to the training provided by Klingberg et al. (2002).”
Computer Gaming Disorder and ADHD in Young Children—a Population-Based Study
Paulus, F. W., Sinzig, J., Mayer, H., Weber, M., & von Gontard, A. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9841-0 · Cited by 74
“After a working memory training program at the computer, parent ratings showed a significant reduction of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and motor activity in their school-aged children (Klingberg et al. 2002, 2005).”
Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zhao, Q., Yang, L., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12748 · Cited by 61
“…to observe improvements in Gf, including one of our own in which we used the same intervention (Loosli et al., 2012), there are several studies that do show improvements in both children and young adults (Jaeggi et al., 2008; Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Shah, & Jonides, 2014; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
ResultMusic lessons and academic self-concept in 12- to 14-year-old children
Degé, F., Wehrum‐Osinsky, S., Stark, R. M., & Schwarzer, G. (2014) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864914523283 · Cited by 65
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING FOR EDUCATIONAL APPLICATIONS
Decker, S. L., Hale, J. B., & Flanagan, D. P. (2013) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21675 · Cited by 61
Lehohla, M., Kellaway, L. A., & Russell, V. A. (2004) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1023/b:mebr.0000027415.75432.ad · Cited by 61
“Activation of prefrontal cortex neural circuits by intensive training of working memory tasks reduced motor activity and improved performance of ADHD children in cognitive tasks ( Klingberg et al., 2002 ).”
BackgroundAssessment of Working Memory Capacity in Preschool Children Using the Missing Scan Task
Roman, A. S., Pisoni, D. B., & Kronenberger, W. G. (2014) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1849 · Cited by 62
Disturbances in programming goal-directed arm movements in children with ADHD
Eliasson, A., Rösblad, B., & Forssberg, H. (2003) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162204000040 · Cited by 76
“Children with ADHD have a disturbed visuospatial working memory (Mariani and Barkley 1997, Klingberg et al. 2002) as well as a disturbed verbal working memory (Norrelgen et al. 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMeasuring Working Memory Capacity With Greater Precision in the Lower Capacity Ranges
Nutley, S. B., Söderqvist, S., Bryde, S., Humphreys, K., & Klingberg, T. (2009) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640903325741 · Cited by 66
“The items were selected from a database of results from children who had undergone WM training on a similar task ( Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002 ; Klingberg et al, 2005 ; Thorell, Lindqvist, Bergman Nutley, Bohlin, Klingberg, 2009 ; database from Cogmed Systems Inc.”
MethodSelf-citationEffects of multitasking‐training on gray matter structure and resting state neural mechanisms
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22427 · Cited by 63
“Multiple (and occasionally heterogeneous) training programs [e.g., Hogarty et al., 2004; Klingberg et al., 2002] are commonly observed in this type of study of cognitive training.”
BackgroundSowerby, P., Seal, S., & Tripp, G. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710370674 · Cited by 59
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Coincide With Altered Striatal Connectivity
Oldehinkel, M., Beckmann, C. F., Pruim, R. H. R., van Oort, E. S. B., Franke, B., Hartman, C. A., Hoekstra, P. J., Oosterlaan, J., Heslenfeld, D. J., Buitelaar, J. K., et al. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.008 · Cited by 61
Strategy mediation in working memory training in younger and older adults
Forsberg, A., Fellman, D., Laine, M., Johnson, W., & Logie, R. H. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021820915107 · Cited by 62
Baniqued, P. L., Allen, C. M., Kranz, M. B., Johnson, K., Sipolins, A., Dickens, C., Ward, N., Geyer, A., & Kramer, A. F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142169 · Cited by 64
Fischer, H., Nyberg, L., Karlsson, S., Karlsson, P., Brehmer, Y., Rieckmann, A., MacDonald, S. W. S., Farde, L., & Bäckman, L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.013 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 781-791
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2163254754
- Semantic Scholar
- 249861f2f06d32f1a763a5afb883bad83639a164
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- working memory training, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, adaptive training, transfer of training, visuospatial working memory, Raven's Progressive Matrices, nonverbal reasoning, prefrontal cortex, motor activity, head movement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Treatment Outcome
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