The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity is the ability to retain and manipulate information during a short period of time. This ability underlies complex reasoning and has generally been regarded as a fixed trait of the individual. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represent one group of subjects with a WM deficit, attributed to an impairment of the frontal lobe. In the present study, we used a new training paradigm with intensive and adaptive training of WM tasks and evaluated the effect of training with a double blind, placebo controlled design. Training significantly enhanced performance on the trained WM tasks. More importantly, the training significantly improved performance on a nontrained visuo-spatial WM task and on Raven's Progressive Matrices, which is a nonverbal complex reasoning task. In addition, motor activity--as measured by the number of head movements during a computerized test--was significantly reduced in the treatment group. A second experiment showed that similar training-induced improvements on cognitive tasks are also possible in young adults without ADHD. These results demonstrate that performance on WM tasks can be significantly improved by training, and that the training effect also generalizes to nontrained tasks requiring WM. Training improved performance on tasks related to prefrontal functioning and had also a significant effect on motor activity in children with ADHD. The results thus suggest that WM training potentially could be of clinical use for ameliorating the symptoms in ADHD.
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“However, there are some obvious weaknesses in this study: the group sizes (7 children per group) are tiny – this study is, like many other studies in this area, severely underpowered.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“Another problem with the design of this study is that any differences found as a result of training may reflect differences in the duration of the computerized tasks performed by the two groups, rather than being effects of adaptive working memory training per se.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“The largest effect size for working memory training on nonverbal ability came from the earliest study (d = 2.18; Klingberg et al., 2002), which included only 7 subjects in each of the training and control groups.”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review (2016) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“However, while some studies [84,85] show subsequent improvement in ADHD symptoms, others do not (e.g. [86], reviewed in e.g. [87]).”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Training individuals with ADHD on one specific cognitive domain, e.g. working memory, has been found to result in improved performance on the trained and similar tasks [84–86].”
From Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“but they only used the incongruent trials as outcome measure; baseline response times to congruent trials were not controlled for, making it impossible to calculate the interference score)”
In the citing paper
“([85] and [86] also found differential effects on the STROOP”
In the citing paper
“In many ways our findings are similar to those of previous placebo controlled (single) EF training studies in children with ADHD [21], [84], [85], [86], [23] (but note that only one of these studies [21] corrected for multiple testing).”
In the citing paper
“Several studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of CogMed training in children with ADHD (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the idea that WM-training programs such as CWMT exert stronger benefits to low-WM individuals (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002;Weicker et al., 2016) is not supported.”
From The cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Klingberg et al., 2002
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“…training have shown an increase in brain activity in the prefrontal (executive control) and parietal (visuospatial functioning) areas of the brain, as well as changes in dopamine receptor density (implicated in focused attention) (Curtis & D'Esposito 2003; Klingberg 2010; Klingberg et al 2002).”
InfluentialVisual Working Memory Capacity Can Be Increased by Training on Distractor Filtering Efficiency
Li, C.-H., He, X., Yu-juan, W., Hu, Z., & Guo, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00196 · Cited by 38
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“Importantly, research not focusing on music (Klingberg et al., 2002) has suggested that successful enhancement of an ability, in their case executive functions, depends on the adaptability of the applied training.”
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Improving reasoning skills in secondary history education by working memory training
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BackgroundWorking memory performance and neural activity in prefrontal cortex of peripubertal monkeys
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BackgroundEffects of task repetition but no transfer of inhibitory control training in healthy adults
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“Keywords: Electroencephalography, neurofeedback, working memory, power spectrum, self-regulation”
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“Scoring was performed as for the trained version of the visual–spatial working memory task and the span board test in the study by Klingberg et al. [ 18 ].”
MethodSelf-citationSPECIFIC COGNITIVE PREDICTORS OF EARLY MATH PROBLEM SOLVING
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“Working memory and decision making are major (and distinct from one another) theoretical constructs in cognitive psychology and have been shown to improve, respectively, with training (Klingberg et al. 2002) and in favourable (such as low-stress) contexts (Galván & McGlennen, 2012).”
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“Specific courses designed to improve WM have been implemented using different techniques and with varying levels of success (Klingberg et al., 2002; for a review, see Morrison & Chein, 2011).”
MethodAdaptive working memory training does not produce transfer effects in cognition and neuroimaging
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“Thus, transfer effects are an index of the putative effectiveness of WM training [12].”
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“…consistent effects are those compared with no training (e.g., Anguera et al., 2013; Jaeggi et al., 2008) or training with less demanding tasks (Jaeggi et al., 2011; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005) or perhaps less active ones (e.g., Franceschini et al., 2013; Green and Bavelier, 2003, 2008, 2012).”
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Multi-modal fitness and cognitive training to enhance fluid intelligence
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Sleep augments training-induced improvement in working memory in children and adults
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Everyday Memory and Working Memory in Adolescents With Mild Intellectual Disability
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Working Memory Training for Adults With ADHD
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“…cognitive functions related to working memory, to nonverbal reasoning, to executive function in daily life, and to ADHD symptoms (Beck et al., 2010; Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005), while others have reported no significant effect in this regard (Chacko et al., 1Université du Québec à Montréal,…”
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“Working memory training has already yielded promising results among clinical samples characterized by deficits in cognitive control, namely those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
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Regular rehearsal helps in consolidation of long term memory.
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“Another two studies, which involved children with ADHD, identified transfer effects on fluid intelligence after a 5-week training schedule involving daily sessions of 40 min each (Klingberg et al. 2002, 2005).”
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“This result shows that the WM updating training exerted a far transfer effect (Alloway & Alloway, 2009; Klingberg et al., 2002) and a long-term effect (Alloway et al.”
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“41 42 To implement this intervention, each investigator and study coordinator involved in coaching is certified as a ‘Cogmed Coach’.”
Spatial Working Memory Deficits Represent a Core Challenge for Rehabilitating Neglect
Striemer, C. L., Ferber, S., & Danckert, J. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00334 · Cited by 28
Is working memory capacity fixed?
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Working memory treatment in aphasia: A theoretical and quantitative review
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“Up to 80% of children diagnosed with attention-de fi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), who demonstrate both attention and working memory de fi cits have been shown to be at signi fi cant risk for poor academic performance (Cantwell & Baker, 1991).”
InfluentialChristiner, M., Rüdegger, S., & Reiterer, S. (2018) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2018.1424171 · Cited by 27
“…conclusions that can be drawn from this ongoing research are that regular WM training should take a vibrant part in the early foreign language classroom as research has shown that working memory training leads to an improvement of tasks which were trained and untrained (Klingberg et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSánchez‐Pérez, N., Inuggi, A., Castillo, A., Campoy, G., García‐Santos, J. M., González-Salinas, C., & Fuentes, L. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00247 · Cited by 29
“In fact, the networks underlying WM tasks in adults have been reported as being less recruited or more immature during childhood and adolescence (Klingberg et al., 2002; Kwon et al., 2002; Ciesielski et al., 2006; Crone et al., 2006; Scherf et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultPereira, H. S., Araújo, A., & Mattos, P. (2005) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil · doi:10.1590/s1519-38292005000400002 · Cited by 27
Nyman, A. H., Taskinen, T., Grönroos, M. A., Haataja, L. M., Lähdetie, J., & Korhonen, T. T. (2010) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410375001 · Cited by 31
“In addition to classroom instructions, another unique way of supporting working memory functions among children with ADHD is computerized working memory training (Klingberg et al., 2002, 2005).”
A metacognitive visuospatial working memory training for children
Caviola, S., Mammarella, I. C., Cornoldi, C., & Lucangeli, D. (2009) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 27
Near‐ and Far‐Transfer Effects of Working Memory Updating Training in Elderly Adults
Zhao, X., Lai, Z., Li, F., & Maes, J. H. R. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3011 · Cited by 31
“The majority of studies examining WM training effects used either children (e.g. Jaeggi et al., 2011; Klingberg et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2011) or young adults (e.”
BackgroundNassar, S. L., Conklin, H. M., Zhou, Y., Ashford, J. M., Reddick, W. E., Glass, J. O., Laningham, F. H., Jeha, S., Cheng, C., & Pui, C. (2017) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.26436 · Cited by 27
Limited Benefits of Heterogeneous Dual-Task Training on Transfer Effects in Older Adults
Lussier, M., Brouillard, P., & Bherer, L. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv105 · Cited by 31
Cognitive Training in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review of Studies from 2000 to 2014
Glizer, D., & MacDonald, P. A. (2016) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2016/9291713 · Cited by 30
“Cognitive deficits are prevalent among patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), in both early and late stages of the disease.”
BackgroundSingh, A., Chakraborty, S., He, Z., Tian, S., Zhang, S., Lustria, M. L. A., Charness, N. H., Roque, N. A., Harrell, E. R., & Boot, W. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.980778 · Cited by 26
“Each of the games is supported by successfully implemented cognitive training programs in the psychology literature (Klingberg et al., 2002; Dahlin et al., 2008; Jaeggi et al., 2008; Karbach and Kray, 2009; Mackey et al., 2011; Harrell et al., 2021).”
Modularity in rehabilitation of working memory: A single-case study
Vallat‐Azouvi, C., Pradat-Diehl, P., & Azouvi, P. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.881294 · Cited by 27
Cockcroft, K. (2011) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2011.634545 · Cited by 37
Why Adolescents Are at Risk of Misusing Alcohol and Gambling
Noël, X. (2013) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt161 · Cited by 28
“For instance, adapted versions of the WM and control tasks designed by Klingberg et al. (2002) have been used for the purposes of training working memory: a visuospatial WM task, a backward digit span task and a letter span Downloaded from…”
Distinct Roles of the Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices in Response Inhibition
Zhou, X., Qi, X.-L., & Constantinidis, C. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.072 · Cited by 26
Capodieci, A., Gola, M. L., Cornoldi, C., & Re, A. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1307946 · Cited by 26
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Daley, D., Thompson, M. J. J., & Swanson, J. (2003) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.3.4.465 · Cited by 27
Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Villodas, M. T., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118528563.wbcbt33 · Cited by 27
A pilot study of cognitive remediation in remitted major depressive disorder patients
Hammar, Å., Semkovska, M., Borgen, I. M. H., Myklebost, S. B., Ronold, E. H., Sveen, T., Ueland, T., Porter, R., & Johnson, S. L. (2020) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2020.1726919 · Cited by 28
“Previous research has shown that Cogmed improves several aspects of cognitive performance (Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002; Klingberg et al., 2005) and is associated with changes in neural activity (McNab et al., 2009).”
BackgroundHead and eyes: Looking behavior in 12- to 24-month-old infants
Borjon, J. I., Abney, D. H., Yu, C., & Smith, L. B. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.8.18 · Cited by 23
Arpaïa, P., Covino, A., Cristaldi, L., Frosolone, M., Gargiulo, L., Mancino, F., Mantile, F., & Moccaldi, N. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22134934 · Cited by 26
“Working memory involves the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [12], while flexibility relates to the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex [10].”
BackgroundERP markers of target selection discriminate children with high vs. low working memory capacity
Shimi, A. G., Nobre, A. C., & Scerif, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00153 · Cited by 25
“VWM increases dramatically with age (Gathercole, 1999; Cowan et al., 2005) with accompanied maturational changes in the brain (Kwon et al., 2002; Klingberg et al., 2002; Luna et al., 2004; Crone and Ridderinkhof, 2011; Jolles et al., 2011; Barriga-Paulino et al., 2014).”
BackgroundIntegrating New Technologies into the Treatment of CP and DCD
Wilson, P. H., Green, D., Caeyenberghs, K., Steenbergen, B., & Duckworth, J. (2016) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-016-0083-9 · Cited by 25
“For full details and in depth description of this training program, the interested reader is referred to previous studies [104, 105] or www.”
BackgroundThe role of proactive interference in working memory training and transfer
Redick, T. S., Wiemers, E. A., & Engle, R. W. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01172-8 · Cited by 30
Can we enhance working memory? Bias and effectiveness in cognitive training studies
Rodas, J. A., Asimakopoulou, A. A., & Greene, C. M. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02466-8 · Cited by 28
“…using this method, in which the user follows a regime of computer tasks during a period of time that ranges from a single session to several sessions across days or even months (e.g., Jaeggi et al., 2008; Klingberg et al., 2002; Olesen et al., 2004; Schmiedek et al., 2010; Shipstead et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodJacoby, N., & Ahissar, M. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.10.6 · Cited by 28
“A similar analysis was reported by Klingberg, Forssberg, and Westerberg (2002), who trained children with ADHD in an attempt to enhance intelligence scores, as measured by Raven's matrix completion task.”
Putter-Katz, H., Adi‐Bensaid, L., Feldman, I., & M. Hildesheimer (2008) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp.2008.19.3-4.301 · Cited by 22
Peng, J., Mo, L., Huang, P., & Zhou, Y. (2017) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.05.006 · Cited by 29
Nilsen, E. S., Varghese, A. L., Xu, Z., & Fecica, A. M. (2015) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2015.09.001 · Cited by 26
Towards an understanding of neuroscience for science educators
Oliver, M. (2011) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2011.604478 · Cited by 25
“Conway and Getz (2008) confirm that WM training can lead to improved cognitive performance improvement (Klingberg, Forssberg, & Westerberg, 2002 ; Klingberg et al, 2005 ) but raised questions about the constructs of WM, g f , g c , the neural mechanisms involved and the long-term effects of such training.”
BackgroundHypothesis-driven methods to augment human cognition by optimizing cortical oscillations
Horschig, J. M., Zumer, J. M., & Bahramisharif, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00119 · Cited by 26
“Therefore, one core assertion of successful augmentation of human cognition needs to be measured by transfer learning (Klingberg et al., 2002; Dahlin et al., 2008; Klingberg, 2010), i.e., quantifying how the intervention translates to other domains that were not explicitly trained and tempered by…”
BackgroundBaltruschat, L., Hasselhorn, M., Tarbox, J., Dixon, D. R., Najdowski, A. C., Mullins, R. D., & Gould, E. R. (2012) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395820 · Cited by 26
VIC — A Tangible User Interface to train memory skills in children with Intellectual Disability
Beccaluva, E. A., Riccardi, F., Gianotti, M., Barbieri, J., & Garzotto, F. (2021) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100376 · Cited by 25
Working Memory: From Neural Activity to the Sentient Mind
Jaffe, R. J., & Constantinidis, C. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210005 · Cited by 33
“Computerized training has resulted in expanded WM capacity, as well as clinical improvements for patients of stroke, ADHD, schizophrenia (205, 231, 463, 512) as well as aged adults (4).”
Zhou, X., Zhu, D., King, S. G., Lees, C. J., Bennett, A. J., Salinas, E., Stanford, T. R., & Constantinidis, C. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1518147113 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 781-791
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2163254754
- Semantic Scholar
- 249861f2f06d32f1a763a5afb883bad83639a164
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- working memory training, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, adaptive training, transfer of training, visuospatial working memory, Raven's Progressive Matrices, nonverbal reasoning, prefrontal cortex, motor activity, head movement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Treatment Outcome
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