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A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Current reporting of intervention content in published research articles and protocols is generally poor, with great diversity of terminology, resulting in low replicability. This study aimed to extend the scope and improve the reliability of a 26-item taxonomy of behaviour change techniques developed by Abraham and Michie [Abraham, C. and Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology, 27(3), 379-387.] in order to optimise the reporting and scientific study of behaviour change interventions. METHODS: Three UK study centres collaborated in applying this existing taxonomy to two systematic reviews of interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating. The taxonomy was refined in iterative steps of (1) coding intervention descriptions, and assessing inter-rater reliability, (2) identifying gaps and problems across study centres and (3) refining the labels and definitions based on consensus discussions. RESULTS: Labels and definitions were improved for all techniques, conceptual overlap between categories was resolved, some categories were split and 14 techniques were added, resulting in a 40-item taxonomy. Inter-rater reliability, assessed on 50 published intervention descriptions, was good (kappa = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: This taxonomy can be used to improve the specification of interventions in published reports, thus improving replication, implementation and evidence syntheses. This will strengthen the scientific study of behaviour change and intervention development.
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“This incorporation of evidence-based behavior change techniques, such as goal setting, action planning, and problem-solving, is associated with improved weight loss outcomes [47].”
From Impact of Digital Engagement on Weight Loss Outcomes in Obesity Management Among Individuals Using GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Therapy: Retrospective Cohort Service Evaluation Study (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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“All studies included some form of behavioral change techniques ranging from basic techniques such as the provision of feedback and goal setting to interventions based on the Coventry, Aberdeen and London-Refined taxonomy [55], social cognitive theory [56], and social determination theory [57].”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“BCTTv1 incorporated a number of cross-behaviour BCT taxonomies [25, 26] and some behaviour-specific taxonomies for physical activity [27], alcohol use [28], smoking [29] and condom use [30].”
In the citing paper
“The design of MAX was driven by an interdisciplinary effort that resulted in a conceptual model with intervention components informed by human behavior and experiential learning theories [61,65,66], findings from technology acceptance research [49,51,58,102], and prior experiences of the authors with conversational agents that support health care professionals and young adolescent patients [67,68]”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French, D. P.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Coventry University (GB)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Michie, Susan
- Venue
- Psychology & Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1479-1498
- ISSN
- 0887-0446 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8321
- OpenAlex
- W2013620493
- Cited by
- 1,756
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 162 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 138 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 88.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Psychology and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Coventry University Open Collections (Coventry university) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- The Open Collections (Coventry University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (G0900686)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007470/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- behaviour change techniques, physical activity interventions, healthy eating interventions, inter-rater reliability, intervention replication
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, United Kingdom, Humans, Exercise, Risk Reduction Behavior
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