From theory to intervention: Mapping theoretically derived behavioural determinants to behaviour change techniques
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Theory provides a helpful basis for designing interventions to change behaviour but offers little guidance on how to do this. This paper aims to illustrate methods for developing an extensive list of behaviour change techniques (with definitions) and for linking techniques to theoretical constructs. A list of techniques and definitions was generated from techniques published in two systematic reviews, supplemented by “brainstorming” and a systematic search of nine textbooks used in training applied psychologists. Inter‐rater reliability of extracting the techniques and definitions from the textbooks was assessed. Four experts judged which techniques would be effective in changing 11 theoretical constructs associated with behaviour change. Thirty‐five techniques identified in the reviews were extended to 53 by brainstorming and to 137 by consulting textbooks. Agreement for the 53 definitions was 74.7 per cent (15.4% cells completed and 59.3% cells empty for both raters). Agreement about the link between the 35 techniques and theoretical constructs was 71.7 per cent of 385 judgments (12.2% agreement that effective and 59.5% agreement that not effective). This preliminary work demonstrates the possibility of developing a comprehensive, reliable taxonomy of techniques linked to theory. Further refinement is needed to eliminate redundancies, resolve uncertainties, and complete technique definitions.
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BCTTv1 incorporated a number of cross-behaviour BCT taxonomies and some behaviour-specific taxonomies for physical activity, alcohol use, smoking and condom use.
“BCTTv1 incorporated a number of cross-behaviour BCT taxonomies [25, 26] and some behaviour-specific taxonomies for physical activity [27], alcohol use [28], smoking [29] and condom use [30].”
Research in the UK has mapped a set of 35 BCTs to theoretically derived behavioural determinants.
“Research in the UK has mapped a set of 35 BCTs to theoretically derived behavioural determinants [26].”
Preliminary work to address linking BCTs to mechanisms of action has been conducted in both primary research and in evidence syntheses.
“Preliminary work to address this has been conducted in both primary research and in evidence syntheses [9, 21, 26, 60, 74, 75].”
As a result, the groupings reported here are potentially more robust than those derived using consensus methods among a few people.
“As a result, the groupings reported here are potentially more robust than those derived using consensus methods among a few people.43”
The 'top-down' mapping of BCTs to theoretical domains advances the limited consensus methods used by Michie et al. by using an improved BCT taxonomy, an empirically validated TDF, and a larger number of respondents.
“The 'top-down' mapping of BCTs to theoretical domains advances the limited consensus methods used by Michie et al. 43 by using an improved BCT taxonomy, an empirically validated TDF and a larger number of respondents.”
A previous study linking 35 BCTs to 11 theoretical domains from the original TDF showed good reliability across four researchers, with 71% agreement over 385 possible links.
“A previous study linking 35 BCTs to 11 theoretical domains from the original TDF showed good reliability across four researchers, with 71% agreement over the 385 possible links.43”
Many advocate the use of theory to guide the selection of factors to investigate.
“many advocate the use of theory to guide the selection of factors to investigate [15,21-23].”
From Discriminant content validity of a theoretical domains framework questionnaire for use in implementation research (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
A valid TDF-based questionnaire will increase the use of theory in the assessment of barriers and facilitators for implementation problems, which can inform the selection of possible techniques that can be used to change healthcare professionals' behaviors.
“a valid TDF-based questionnaire will increase the use of theory in the assessment of barriers and facilitators for implementation problems [31,69,70], which can inform the selection of possible techniques that can be used to change healthcare professionals’ behaviors [15,23,26]”
From Discriminant content validity of a theoretical domains framework questionnaire for use in implementation research (2014) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Michie, S., Johnston, M., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., & Eccles, M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Michie, Susan
- Venue
- Applied Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-07-08
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 660-680
- ISSN
- 0269-994X (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0597
- OpenAlex
- W2132237350
- Cited by
- 1,789
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 171 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 121 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 44.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007470/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- behaviour change techniques, behavioural determinants, behaviour change theory, intervention design, inter-rater reliability, theoretical constructs
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