The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial
Open accessAbstract
The current study is the first randomized-controlled trial evaluating the feasibility and initial efficacy of an 8-week outpatient Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) program as compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Participants were 168 adults with substance use disorders who had recently completed intensive inpatient or outpatient treatment. Assessments were administered pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 2 and 4 months post-intervention. Feasibility of MBRP was demonstrated by consistent homework compliance, attendance, and participant satisfaction. Initial efficacy was supported by significantly lower rates of substance use in those who received MBRP as compared to those in TAU over the 4-month post-intervention period. Additionally, MBRP participants demonstrated greater decreases in craving, and increases in acceptance and acting with awareness as compared to TAU. Results from this initial trial support the feasibility and initial efficacy of MBRP as an aftercare approach for individuals who have recently completed an intensive treatment for substance use disorders.
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18 Own method · 17 Own result · 14 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The omnibus model for substance-use problems (Wald χ2 (7, N = 163) = 135.14, P <.001) was significant.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plainn = 163- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant main effects for t were qualified by a significant t × Treatment interaction, which indicated that AOD use decreased to a greater extent among MBRP versus TAU participants.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AOD use model was statistically significant (Wald χ2 (7, N = 163) = 97.72,P <.001).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plainn = 163- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two months post-intervention, MBRP participants reported an average of 2.1 days of use, and TAU participants reported an average of 5.4 days (see Table 2).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant main effects for t were qualified by a significant t × Treatment interaction, suggesting that acting with awareness increased to a greater extent among MBRP versus TAU participants, for whom it decreased.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Models for the other subscales of the FFMQ evinced nonsignificant treatment effects or omnibus model tests (P > .05).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The craving (PACS) model was statistically significant (Wald χ2 (7, N = 166) = 37.60, P < .001).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plainn = 166 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant t × Treatment interaction such that, over time, acceptance increased more among MBRP participants than among TAU participants (see Table 2).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the MBRP group showed an average 86% decrease in AOD use for each 2-month increase in linear time.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The acting with awareness (FFMQ-ACT) model was marginally significant (Wald χ2 (7, N = 165) = 13.03, P = .07).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Process Outcomes
plainn = 165 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant treatment interactions or main effects of treatment on substance use problems (P > .68).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant t2 × Treatment interaction also indicated a curvilinear effect of treatment on AOD use, which suggested that the treatment gains made by MBRP participants, compared to TAU participants, decayed by 4 months post-intervention.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Primary Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many therapeutic orientations, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) (23) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for depression (MBCT) (24), use mindfulness techniques and practices, leading to growing evidence of its benefits (24–30).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most commonly available treatments in many developed countries are 12-step or mutual support groups (4).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“however, these approaches may not be clinically indicated for individuals adverse to the disease model of addiction (6) or whose spiritual beliefs and/or lifestyle are in conflict with the 12-step philosophy.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Integration of further efficacious treatment components may enhance RP treatment effects (18).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Participation in 12-step programs is associated with greater abstinence (5)”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“substance use disorders are often described as “chronic relapsing conditions” (2,3).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“RP has been disseminated for treatment of several types of substance abuse (8–12) with considerable empirical support (13–20).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“relapse remains a significant problem for 44% to 70% of clients (21).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other sociodemographic variables, including gender, ethnicity, and severity of initial substance use, were examined in primary analyses as potential covariates and moderators of the treatment effects. None were significant (all P > .05), and they were not included in final models.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Group Differences at Baseline
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 61%, 57%, and 73% of the sample (N = 168) completed post-intervention and 2-month and 4-month follow-up assessments, respectively.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
hedgedn = 168- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBRP participants reported attending 5.2 (2.4) or 65% of treatment sessions.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its internal consistency in the current study was .68.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“recent simulation studies have shown that the estimation method employed in this study (i.e., maximum likelihood estimation) is less biased and more precise in dealing with missing data than traditional data imputation methods, such as assuming use for missing observations (intent-to-treat methods) or carrying the last observation forward (56).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The TLFB has demonstrated good reliability and validity with both online and in-person administration (42).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“54% reported continued practice at 4 months post-intervention for an average of 4.7 ± 4.0 days/week and 29.9 ± 19.5 minutes per session.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“internal consistency in the current study was .96.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency in the current study was .91, with subscale alphas ranging from .80 to .87.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of the current study provide evidence for the feasibility and initial efficacy of MBRP, offering empirical support for MBRP as an alternative to standard-of-care 12-step-based or related aftercare programs.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The SCID-I has demonstrated reliability and validity in such settings.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attrition did not significantly differ between groups at any time point and the predictors in each model were not significantly associated with missing data on dependent variables.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, this RCT demonstrates empirical promise for feasibility and initial efficacy of MBRP as an aftercare treatment for substance use disorders, and provides preliminary support for the theoretical framework behind mindfulness meditation as a therapy for addictive behaviors.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > DISCUSSION
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of screened participants (N = 260), 187 met eligibility criteria. Nine declined participation, 9 failed to complete the baseline assessment, and 1 refused randomization, reducing the overall sample to 168.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS
plainn = 260- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants rated the MBRP course as highly important (8.3 ± 1.4) and reported a high likelihood of continuing formal (8.9 ± 1.2) and informal (8.9 ± 1.7) meditation practices.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its internal consistency in the current sample was .87.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were randomly assigned, using a computerized random number generator, to either 8 weeks of MBRP or continuation of their existing TAU.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > METHODS > Design and Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total number of treatment hours was therefore used as a covariate in all primary analyses.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Compliance, Attrition, and Satisfaction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for this baseline difference, race was used as a covariate in all analyses.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Group Differences at Baseline
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The current trial is the first randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for substance use disorders and relapse prevention.
“To our knowledge, this is the first RCT evaluating the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for substance use disorders and the prevention of relapse.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“An obstacle in MBRP is low adherence rates, with outpatient therapy having a compliance rate of 50%–60% compared to 70% for relapse prevention. 27”
From Enhancing Emotion Regulation and Overcoming Craving in Alcohol Dependence Syndrome Through Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Pilot trials comparing an 8-week Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention Program (MBRP) to TAU have found significant decreases in stress, craving, and substance use, with similar effects after cultural adaptation for ethnically and racially diverse populations 20,21.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The length of treatment in the current protocol corresponds well to the mean number of sessions [5.2] attended by smokers in treatment, even when eight sessions are offered (Bowen et al., 2009).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The length of treatment in the current protocol corresponds well to the mean number of sessions [5.2] attended by smokers in treatment, even when eight sessions are offered (Bowen et al., 2009).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over the course of treatment, MBRP evinced fewer days of use compared to TAU (MBRP: M = .06 days, TAU: M = 2.57 days).”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials have shown the benefits of this protocol in respect of reducing the number of days of use, the amounts of alcohol or other drugs consumed, the risk of relapse compared with standard Relapse Prevention or usual treatment (psychoeducational or twelve-step) (11–13).”
From A mindfulness-based intervention for Substance Use Disorder in a Brazilian vulnerable population: a feasibility mixed method study (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based meditation (MBM) or mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) is increasingly being employed in western psychology to alleviate a variety of mental and physical conditions including obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety and in the prevention of relapse in depression and drug addiction [6–10].”
From State and training effects of mindfulness meditation on brain networks reflect neuronal mechanisms of its antidepressant effect (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although the retention rate of the MBRP group was slightly lower than the TAU group, it was comparable to, or even better than, some of the previous MBRP studies [17, 49, 52, 53].”
From The feasibility of mindfulness‐based relapse prevention for adults with substance use disorders (illicit drugs) in a Chinese population: A pilot randomized controlled trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The total retention rate was 88.9%, which was above the 61% cut‐off, and was comparable to the original trial [17].”
From The feasibility of mindfulness‐based relapse prevention for adults with substance use disorders (illicit drugs) in a Chinese population: A pilot randomized controlled trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Two randomized controlled trials of MBRP as aftercare for patients who had completed treatment in the community showed significantly greater reductions in substance use in the MBRP arm compared with treatment as usual (Bowen et al., 2009) and with cognitive behavioral treatment (Bowen et al., 2014).”
From Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention in a Jail Drug Treatment Program. (2019) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These differences persisted at 2-month follow-up (2.08 days for MBRP vs. 5.43 days for TAU).”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Compared to TAU, MBRP participants reported significantly reduced craving, and increased acceptance and mindful awareness over the 4-month follow-up period, consistent with the core goals of MBRP.”
From Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions have demonstrated promise for supporting recovery and improving mental health for persons with substance use conditions (e.g. Refs. [11–21]).”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The foundation content of the meditations was based on Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention [11].”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The total retention rate was 88.9%, which was above the 61% cut‐off, and was comparable to the original trial [17].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“MBRP average attendance in this study (4.59 sessions) was comparable to other studies (4.2–6.45 sessions) [17, 52, 53].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The trial that this study aimed to replicate had a retention rate of 61% at post‐intervention and 73% at 4‐month follow‐up [17].”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“some authors have suggested that it is important to understand models of psychopathology by assessing the role of experiential avoidance as a mediator and/or moderator [31,32].”
From Cognitive fusion mediates the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and negative affects: A study in a sample of spanish children and adolescent school students (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions have some success in treating SUD (Bowen et al., 2009, Witkiewitz et al., 2005, Zgierska et al., 2009)”
From Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence (2017) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“In contrast to other health outcomes, the health-promoting effects of meditation are most pronounced for pain and pain-related comorbidities, including opioid addiction and misuse,155–158 stress,37, 138 depression,159–161 and anxiety.31, 162, 163”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [157]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to other health outcomes, the health-promoting effects of meditation are most pronounced for pain and pain-related comorbidities, including opioid addiction and misuse,155–158 stress,37, 138 depression,159–161 and anxiety.31, 162, 163”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“trait mindfulness can be increased through mindfulness meditation training (Bowen et al., 2009; Carmody & Baer, 2008)”
From Five Facets of Mindfulness and Psychological Health: Evaluating a Psychological Model of the Mechanisms of Mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as Bowen et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) is a novel approach to relapse prevention (a cognitive behavioral group therapy) (137).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [137]
In the citing paper
“MBRP has been shown to reduce substance use compared with treatment as usual in patients with substance use disorders in both outpatient and residential settings (137–139).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [137]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(1) = 5.51reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .019
“χ2 (1, N = 168) = 5.51, p = .02”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.631reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .427
“χ2 (1, N = 93) = .631, p = .43”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 97.72reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (7, N = 163) = 97.72,p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 135.14reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (7, N = 163) = 135.14, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 37.6reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (7, N = 166) = 37.60, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 16.25reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .023
“χ2 (7,N = 163) = 16.25, p = .02”
- Consistentχ²(7) = 13.03reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .071
“χ2 (7, N = 165) = 13.03, p = .07”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS
“Approximately half identified as Caucasian (51.8%), followed by African American (28.6%), Multiracial (15.3%), and Native American (7.7%).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial > RESULTS > Treatment Group Differences at Baseline
“the MBRP group consisted of a higher proportion of White participants (63%) than TAU (45%).”
Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · cited 1×
“Suicidality was assessed using the suicide section of the Hamilton Depression Inventory (39), and a single item from the Brief Symptom Inventory (40) (“How much were you distressed by thoughts of ending your life?”).”
MethodGross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · cited 1×
“A substantial body of literature documents harmful effects of suppression or avoidance of cognitive and affective responses on a variety of psychological and health outcomes ( 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ).”
BackgroundLongitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes
Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531248 · Cited by 7,781 · cited 1×
“Population-averaged generalized estimating equations (52) were conducted to test treatment effects on substance-use and process outcomes using STATA-10 statistical program (53).”
MethodUsing Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 2×
“The FFMQ has demonstrated good internal consistency (46).”
BackgroundMethod(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477
The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650 · cited 1×
“Suicidality was assessed using the suicide section of the Hamilton Depression Inventory (39), and a single item from the Brief Symptom Inventory (40) (“How much were you distressed by thoughts of ending your life?”).”
MethodSobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992) · Measuring Alcohol Consumption · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3 · Cited by 4,110
(2001) · Cited by 3,666
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595 · cited 1×
“Lower scores have been associated with increased levels of psychopathology and decreased quality of life (48).”
BackgroundPrevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kabat-Zinn J, 2002, Guided Mindfulness Meditation [audio CD]
- Gorski T T, 2007, The Gorski-Cenaps Model for Recovery and Relapse Prevention
- Holzel B K, 2008, Scan, 3, 55
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139 · Cited by 1,702
“…colleagues developed an 8-week mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) program, which integrates mindfulness meditation practices from MBSR with CBT techniques for drug relapse prevention, including practices focused on mindfully attending to cravings (e.g., urge surfing) (Bowen et al. 2009).”
Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y.-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112029108 · Cited by 1,409
“Clinically, mindfulness training has shown benefit for the treatment of pain (13), substance-use disorders (15, 17), anxiety disorders (18), and depression (14), and also helps to increase psychological well-being in nonclinical populations (19).”
BackgroundWhat defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft
Crane, R. S., Brewer, J., Feldman, C., Kabat-Zinn, J., Santorelli, S., Williams, J. M. G., & Kuyken, W. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003317 · Cited by 868
“…in this paper are what have retrospectively become termed ‘ fi rst-generation ’ MBPs – i.e. MBSR and MBCT (which represent the strongest evidence within the fi eld), and the range of programs which have developed out of these (e.g. Bowen et al. 2009; Duncan & Bardacke, 2010; Kristeller et al. 2012).”
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1064294 · Cited by 810
“Initial evidence of beneficial outcomes led to the standardization of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training program (Kabat-Zinn, 1990), followed by the development of more specialized programs for persons with clinical disorders like Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasda…”
MethodHayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M., & Hildebrandt, M. (2011) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449 · Cited by 800
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Clifasefi, S., Garner, M., Douglass, A., Larimer, M. E., & Marlatt, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Washington Tacoma (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bowen, Sarah
- Venue
- Substance Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-305
- ISSN
- 0889-7077 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-0164
- PMC
- PMC3280682
- OpenAlex
- W2091260500
- Cited by
- 715
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 16.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Substance Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Washington Tacoma Digital Commons (University of Washington Tacoma) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA010562, R21DA019562)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based relapse prevention, substance use disorders, follow-up care, relapse prevention, craving, acceptance, acting with awareness, usual care, outpatient care, feasibility
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Patient Dropouts, Pilot Projects, Psychotherapy, Behavior, Addictive, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Meditation, Substance-Related Disorders, Secondary Prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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