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Sharing Versus Pseudo-Sharing in Web 2.0
Abstract
The Internet has opened up a new era in sharing. There has also been an explosion of studies and writings about sharing via the Internet. This includes a series of books, articles, and web discussions on the topic. However, many of these apparent cases of sharing are better characterized as pseudo-sharing — commodity exchanges wrapped in a vocabulary of sharing. The present paper reviews subsequent research and theorizing as well as controversies that have emerged surrounding sharing and what is best regarded as pseudo-sharing — a wolf-insheep’s-clothing phenomenon whereby commodity exchange and potential exploitation of consumer co-creators present themselves in the guise of sharing. The paper begins with a pair of vignettes that highlight some of the contested meanings of sharing. By detailing four types of pseudo-sharing and four types of sharing that are specifically enabled or enhanced by Internet technologies, the paper argues that pseudo-sharing is distinguished by the presence of profit motives, the absence of feelings of community, and expectations of reciprocity. It concludes with a discussion of theoretical, practical, and ethical implications of pseudo-sharing and offer suggestions for future research.
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“These innovations have created new alternatives for sharing, for both communal and utilitarian purposes, simplifying the process compared to pre-accessible internet age (Belk 2014).”
From A cross-cultural study of nonprofit self-organized ridesharing (2024) · cites this paper as Belk 2014
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Making sense of the sharing economy: a business model innovation perspective
Sanasi, S., Ghezzi, A., Cavallo, A., & Rangone, A. (2020) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2020.1719058 · Cited by 90
“On the other hand, others (Belk 2010, 2014a, 2014b) adopt a narrower view on the phenomenon, as ‘ people coordinating the acquisition and distribution of a resource for a fee or other compensation ’ (Belk 2014a, 1597).”
BackgroundInfluentialWu, X., & Zhi, Q. (2016) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.033 · Cited by 92
A Research Agenda for Sustainable Consumption Governance
Lehner, M. (2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788117814 · Cited by 89
New spaces, ordinary practices: Circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning
Holmes, H. (2017) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.022 · Cited by 84
Authenticity and the Sharing Economy
Bucher, E. L., Fieseler, C., Fleck, M., & Lutz, C. (2017) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2016.0161 · Cited by 84
“The prevailing extent and rapid growth of the sharing phenomenon goes hand-in-hand with a shift in consumer preferences from owning towards accessing and experiencing assets (e.g., Bardhi & Eckhardt, 2012; Belk, 2013; 2014b; John, 2013a).”
BackgroundDisentangling the facets of sharing
Trenz, M., Frey, A., & Veit, D. J. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-11-2017-0441 · Cited by 88
Economia compartilhada e consumo colaborativo: o que estamos pesquisando?
da Silveira, L. M., Petrini, M., & dos Santos, A. C. M. Z. (2016) · Revista de Gestão · doi:10.1016/j.rege.2016.09.005 · Cited by 91
Sharing Economy: A Systematic Literature Review
Agarwal, N., & Steinmetz, R. (2019) · International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management · doi:10.1142/s0219877019300027 · Cited by 81
Peer-to-Peer Accommodation Networks
Dolničar, S. (2017) · Goodfellow Publishers Ltd eBooks · doi:10.23912/9781911396512-3454 · Cited by 101
Tunn, V. S. C., van den Hende, E. A., Bocken, N. M. P., & Schoormans, J. P. L. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2894 · Cited by 90
Serrano, L., Ariza‐Montes, A., Nader, M., Sianes, A., & Law, R. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1838529 · Cited by 90
“Belk (2014) also ensures that the sharing economy offers a sustainable alternative to the traditional consumption model.”
BackgroundChuah, S. H., Tseng, M., Wu, K., & Cheng, C.-F. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105892 · Cited by 79
“This phenomenon has been termed “the sharing economy” (SE) and it occurs when people coordinate “the acquisition and distribution of a resource for a fee or other compensation” (Belk, 2014b, p. 1597).”
BackgroundMałecka, A., Mitręga, M., Mróz-Gorgoń, B., & Pfajfar, G. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.062 · Cited by 83
Understanding controversies in digital platform innovation processes: The Google Glass case
Klein, A. Z., Sørensen, C., de Freitas, A. S., Pedron, C. D., & Elaluf-Calderwood, S. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119883 · Cited by 75
“…platforms focused on the sharing economy aggregate different types of environmental, social and economic promises, each one corresponding to different framings, values and debates, which can lead to controversies among the different actors related to them (Acquier et al., 2017; Belk, 2014;).”
BackgroundCar sharing in Norwegian urban areas
Hjorteset, M. A., & Böcker, L. (2020) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102322 · Cited by 79
The current state of academic research into peer-to-peer accommodation platforms
Sainaghi, R. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102555 · Cited by 77
Lee, S. E., Jung, H. J., & Lee, K. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13041804 · Cited by 92
“The Sharing/Exchange Continuum Belk [6] examined the concept of the sharing economy by dividing it into pure sharing and pseudo-sharing, and Habibi et al. Ref.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGospodarka cyfrowa. Jak nowe technologie zmieniają świat
Śledziewska, K., & Włoch, R. (2020) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323541943 · Cited by 54
Rethinking the Sharing Economy: The Nature and Organization of Sharing in the 2015 Refugee Crisis
Kornberger, M., Leixnering, S., Meyer, R. E., & Höllerer, M. A. (2017) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2016.0138 · Cited by 78
Crowdfunding in the United Kingdom: A Cultural Economy
Langley, P. (2016) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1080/00130095.2015.1133233 · Cited by 72
“…funding in order to provide lessons for future calls (Mollick 2014), or with proposing theoretical models to explain why different stages of start-up entrepreneurship may be most appropriately facilitated by either rewards or equity crowdfunding (Belleflamme, Lambert, and Schwienbacher 2014).”
BackgroundDigitalised product-service systems: Effects on consumers’ attitudes and experiences
Tunn, V. S. C., van den Hende, E. A., Bocken, N. M. P., & Schoormans, J. P. L. (2020) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105045 · Cited by 72
Collaborative Economy and Tourism: Critical Perspectives, Questionable Claims and Silenced VoicesPreprint
Dredge, D., & Gyimoothy, S. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2739091 · Cited by 70
Chai, S., & Scully, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04210-y · Cited by 75
Innovation in the sharing economy: A systematic literature review and research framework.
Belezas, F., & Daniel, A. D. (2022) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102509 · Cited by 68
A typology of logistics at work in collaborative consumption
Carbone, V., Rouquet, A., & Roussat, C. (2018) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-11-2017-0355 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- Belk, R.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Belk, Russell
- ORCID
- Belk, Russell
- Venue
- The Anthropologist
- Publisher
- Kamla Raj Enterprises
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-23
- ISSN
- 0972-0073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2184849112
- Cited by
- 622
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 126.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Anthropologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Sharing Economy and Platforms
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Knowledge Management and Sharing
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- sharing, Web 2.0, commodity exchange, customer co-creation, profit motive, reciprocity, community, ethics of sharing, internet technologies
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