Toxicological effects of marine seaweeds: a cautious insight for human consumption
Abstract
Marine environment is a rich and diverse source for many biologically active substances including functional foods and nutraceuticals. It is well exploited for useful compounds, natural products and aquaculture industry; and seaweeds is one of the major contributors in terms of both food security and healthy nutrition. They are well-known due to their enormous benefits and is consumed globally in many countries. However, there is lack of attention toward their toxicity reports which might be due toxic chemical compounds from seaweed, epiphytic bacteria or harmful algal bloom and absorbed heavy metals from seawater. The excess of these components might lead to harmful interactions with drugs and hormone levels in the human body. Due to their global consumption and to meet increasing demands, it is necessary to address their hazardous and toxic aspects. In this review, we have done extensive literature for healthy seaweeds, their nutritional composition while summarizing the toxic effects of selected seaweeds from red, brown and green group which includes- Gracilaria, Acanthophora, Caulerpa, Cladosiphon, and Laminaria sp. Spirulina, a microalgae (cyanobacteria) biomass is also included in toxicity discussion as it an important food supplement and many times shows adverse reactions and drug interactions. The identified compounds from seaweeds were concluded to be toxic to humans, though they exhibited certain beneficial effects too. They have an easy access in food chain and thus invade the higher trophic level organisms. This review will create an awareness among scientific and nonscientific community, as well as government organization to regulate edible seaweed consumption and keep them under surveillance for their beneficial and safe consumption.
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Compositional characterization includes detection of contaminants originating from cultivation or processing, including mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, residual solvents, and dioxins.
“as well as the detection of contaminants originating from cultivation or processing, including mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, residual solvents, and dioxins (Kumar and Sharma, 2021; Salehipour-Bavarsad et al., 2024; Garciarena et al., 2025).”
From Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design (2025) · cites this paper as Kumar and Sharma, 2021
Algal toxins are toxic to human brain nerves.
“Researchers have attempted to evaluate the effects of algal toxin; numerous studies demonstrate algal toxins are toxic to human brain nerves [124,125,126].”
From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
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Microalgae-based products: Food and public health
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Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design
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“…Oliveira and Bragotto, 2022; Ruzik, 2023), as well as the detection of contaminants originating from cultivation or processing, including mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, residual solvents, and dioxins (Kumar and Sharma, 2021; Salehipour-Bavarsad et al., 2024; Garciarena et al., 2025).”
- Authors
- Kumar, M. S., & Sharma, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Kumar, Maushmi S.
- ORCID
- Kumar, Maushmi S.
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-03-19
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 500-521
- ISSN
- 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7852
- OpenAlex
- W3011344514
- Semantic Scholar
- ae27e8726757ea647876a8e780c6352d5c6030da
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Marine Toxins and Detection Methods
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- edible seaweeds, harmful algal blooms, heavy metal contamination, epiphytic bacteria, drug interactions, endocrine disruption, Spirulina, Gracilaria, Laminaria, Caulerpa, food safety regulation, bioaccumulation, functional foods
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Seaweed, Aquaculture, Metals, Heavy, Dietary Supplements, Functional Food
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