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Source factors in persuasion: A self-validation approach
Abstract
The persuasion literature has examined several mechanisms that have contributed to understanding the effectiveness of credible, attractive, similar, and powerful sources. These traditionally studied processes focus on how persuasive sources can affect attitudes by serving as peripheral cues or by influencing the direction or the amount of thoughts generated. After describing these processes that operate at the primary level of cognition, we review research on self-validation that demonstrates how and when source factors can affect a secondary cognition—thought confidence. Thought confidence refers to a metacognitive form of cognition. This recently discovered mechanism can account for some already established persuasion outcomes (e.g., more persuasion with high- than low-credibility or similar sources), but by a completely different process than postulated previously. Moreover, under some circumstances we have also been able to obtain findings opposite to those typically observed (e.g., more persuasion with low- than high-credible or similar sources). Our research reveals that a consideration of self-validation processes provides an integrative mechanism for understanding many other unexplored source variables, such as oneself as a source, source matching and mimicry, and threatening sources.
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“based on a well-established body of literature in persuasion demonstrating that aspects of a message’s source can influence the persuasiveness of the message (Briñol & Petty, 2009; Kumkale et al., 2010; Pornpitakpan, 2004; Wilson & Sherrell, 1993), the source of a fear appeal communication should be an important moderator for fear appeal effectiveness.”
From Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories (2015) · cites this paper as Briñol & Petty, 2009
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“Decades of research has found that, whether recipients are motivated to think carefully or not 142 , sources perceived as credible are more persuasive 143 .”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [143]
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Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2008) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 53
Self-citationSocial projection and social comparison of opinions.
Orive, R. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.953 · Cited by 46
Self and Attitude Strength Parallels: Focus on Accessibility
DeMarree, K. G., Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00012.x · Cited by 41
Self-citationGroup Consensus, Action Immediacy, and Opinion Confidence
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Discovering That the Shoe Fits
Clark, J. K., Wegener, D. T., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02375.x · Cited by 33
Self-citationFleming, M. A., Petty, R. E., & White, P. H. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271585 · Cited by 26
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Self-validation processes: the role of thought confidence in persuasion
Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2004) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 23
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Livingston, S. D., & Sinclair, L. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207310028 · Cited by 8
Multiple roles for minority sources in persuasion and resistance
Tormala, Z. L., Petty, R. E., & DeSensi, V. L. (2009) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203865552-13 · Cited by 7
Self-citationThe Role of Mortality Salience in Consumer Persuasion
Horcajo, J., See, Y. H. M., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2008) · National University of Singapore · Cited by 5
Self-citationIn Search Of Individual Differences In The Use Of Mental Contents
DeMarree, K. G. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3
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Metadata
- Authors
- Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Briñol, Pablo
- Venue
- European Review of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-96
- ISSN
- 1046-3283 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-277X
- OpenAlex
- W2012300024
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 18.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Review of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- source credibility, persuasion, self-validation, metacognition, source similarity, source attractiveness, source power, source matching, mimicry, attitude change
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