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Discounting of delayed health gains and losses by current, never- and ex-smokers of cigarettes
Abstract
Recent evidence implicates steep discounting of delayed outcomes as an important feature of drug dependence. We determined discounting rates for health gains and health losses in current cigarette smokers (n = 23), never-smokers (n = 22) and ex-smokers (n = 21). Participants indicated preference for immediate vs. delayed hypothetical health gains and for immediate vs. delayed hypothetical health losses in a titration procedure that determined indifference points at a range of delays. The degree of discounting was estimated using two nonlinear decay models: an exponential model and a hyperbolic model. The hyperbolic equation generally provided better fits to the data than the exponential equation did. Current smokers discounted delayed health gains and health losses more steeply than never-smokers did. Discounting by ex-smokers was generally intermediate to that of current smokers and never-smokers, although not statistically different from either. Current smokers and ex-smokers discounted delayed health losses more steeply than they did health gains. Never-smokers did not discount gains and losses differently. Cigarette smokers show rapid loss of value for delayed health outcomes, emphasizing the need for smoking-cessation treatments that provide relatively immediate consequences for abstinence.
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“Extensive evidence links smoking with greater delay discounting in adolescents150,151 and adults.152–158”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [153]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J., & Bickel, W. K.
- Affiliations
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire (US)
- Corresponding author
- Odum, Amy L.
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-08-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 295-303
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W1999549849
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA011692, T32DA007242)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- delay discounting, cigarette smokers, former smokers, never smokers, health gains, health loss, hyperbolic discounting, exponential discounting, smoking cessation, drug addiction, time preference
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Smoking, Time Factors, Smoking Cessation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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