Measuring Narrative Engagement

“85) was measured directly after reading the text, using the scale from Busselle and Bilandzic [11].”

“For instance, Busselle and Bilandzic (2009; Bilandzic & Busselle, 2011) distinguish among four dimensions of experiential engagement in narratives—narrative understanding, attentional focus, emotional engagement, and narrative presence—for measuring narrative engagement. However, perhaps the best-known theory of narra…”

“Busselle and Bilandzic (2009), for instance, showed that their dimension of emotional engagement was correlated more strongly to story-consistent attitudes than the dimension of attentional focus.”

“If these types of analyses are the main focus of a particular set of studies, researchers can use the original scale or use other measures designed for that purpose, such as Busselle and Bilandzic’s (2009) narrative engagement scale.”

“Understanding of narrative persuasion might benefit if future research included additional or alternative measures of transportation, such as the scales developed by Busselle and Bilandzic.30 Specifically, their measure conceptualizes and assesses four specific aspects of transportation, including narrative understand…”

“The standard approach is to use scales (e.g., Green and Brock, 2000; Appel et al., 2002; Busselle and Bilandzic, 2009).”

“also with the results of empirical research studies to this end (Busselle and Bilandzic, 2009; Davis et al, 1987; de Wied et al., 1994).”

“Transportation, perceived similarity and empathy may not exhaust the elements of narrative engagement in general, nor are they necessarily mutually exclusive (see Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009).”

“This type of experience is similar to what Busselle and Bilandzic (2009) call “narrative presence” and what Jacobs (2015a) refers to as “spatial immersion.””

“Another potential candidate, and one that has recently received attention from communication scholars (Bilandzic & Busselle, 2008; Busselle & Bilandzic, 2008, 2009), is narrative transportation, or the extent to which viewers become absorbed or ‘‘transported’’ into the narrative (Green & Brock,…”

“For narrative persuasion, several studies have shown that emotions are strong predictors of narrative impact (see Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; De Graaf, Hoeken, Sanders, & Beentjes, 2009).”

“Going further, the entertainment overcoming resistance model (EORM; Moyer-Gusé, 2008; Moyer-Gusé & Nabi, 2010) expanded the notion of message resistance beyond just counterarguing by including reactance and perceived invulnerability as two other forms of resistance. Moyer-Gusé and Nabi (2010) pointed out, in particula…”

“Growing evidence indicates the importance of emotional involvement in narrative persuasion (e.g., Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Morgan et al., 2009; Stephenson, 2001).”

“…of user engagement with media commonly refer to a strong cognitive and emotional focus on media content that completely immerses users in a mediated experience (e.g., Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Klimmt & Vorderer, 2003; O’Brien & Toms, 2010; Slater & Rouner, 2002; Strange & Leung, 1999).”

“…the two, with ‘‘empathy’’ designating the experience of feeling someone else’s feelings (‘‘feeling with’’), and ‘‘sympathy’’ designating the feeling of concern for another, without feeling what the other feels (‘‘feeling for’’) (e.g., Busselle and Bilandzic, 2009; Coplan, 2004; Mar et al., 2011).”

“The combination of these constructs, or the fear that one might personally be in danger of contracting a serious illness, provokes individuals to take precautions.”

“proposed a set of 12 questions that measure four aspects of engagement: narrative understanding; attentional focus; emotional engagement; and narrative presence [7].”

“We previously analysed creativity of translations of a short fictional text2 that allowed us to also test narrative engagement (Busselle and Bilandzic 2009), enjoyment (Hakemulder 2004), and translation reception from a cohort of Catalan readers.”

“The definition of engagement [Table 1; adapted from Busselle and Bilandzic (9)] was explained to participants prior to the task.”

“…resources through engagement (e.g., transportation; Green, 2006), which reduces the amount of cognitive resources available for counterarguing, and also through emotional engagement, which supplants negative feelings with positive feelings engendered by a narrative (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009).”

“Empathy was measured similarly (1 = Nothing at all ; 5 = Extremely), with two items also adapted from the narrative engagement scale [9] (e.”

“…found to be a process related to a more intense temporary involvement during the processing of fictional narratives, as it is associated with greater emotional impact and enjoyment (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Hoeken & Sinkeldam, 2014) and also with greater cognitive elaboration (Igartua, 2010).”

“Previous research has identified a variety of narrative elements, which are assumed to vary in their contribution to storytelling persuasiveness (Busselle and Bilandzic 2009; Chiu, Hsieh, and Kuo 2012; Lundqvist, Liljander, and Riel 2013; Mei, Hagensen, and Kristiansen 2020; Nan et al. 2015; Ryu et…”

“The same items and scales were used as in Koopman (2015a), which were in turn inspired by items on previous scales about narrative feelings (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green & Brock, 2000; Koopman, 2011).”

“Attentionalfocusisoneofthedimen-sionsofexperientialengagementinnarratives ’Attentionalfocusisoneofthedimen-sionsofexperientialengagementinnarratives,describingviewerfocuson(ordistractionfrom)the program(BusselleandBilandzic,2009).”

“This concept of a holistic experience of being absorbed by a story overlaps to a large degree with other concepts that address the immersion into a story world (e.g., narrative engagement, Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009).”

“…certain traits, such as an openness to new ideas (i.e., Openness to Experience; McCrae & Sutin, 2009), or a tendency to become deeply absorbed (Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974) or engaged with narratives (known as narrative transportation; Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Gerrig, 1993; Green & Brock, 2000).”

“We further expect that higher immersion results in higher appreciation [14,11], but without clear expectation as to which components of immersion might cause this effect.”

“…with measures that include elements such as perceived similarity between the reader and character, the reader’s understanding of the character, and their shared emotional experience (e.g. Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Cohen, 2001; De Graaf et al., 2012; Moyer-Gusé, 2008; Tal-Or & Cohen, 2010).”

“In this way, identification may foster an emotional attachment to the protagonist (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009) and potentially adoption of the character’s viewpoints (Oatley, 1999).”

“Although the primary focus of this line of research has been on the role of vicarious experiences in mediating persuasion effects, it has also consistently revealed that such experiences can be gratifying for media users (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green & Brock, 2000; Igartua, 2009).”

“Our immersion scale averages five items, measured at the posttest, and adapted from the immersion scale (Green & Brock, 2000) and the narrative engagement scale (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009).”

“Narratives promote attitude congruence (story-consistent beliefs; e.g., Appel & Richter, 2010; Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green, 2004; Green & Brock, 2000), a positive evaluation of information within the narrative (Escalas, 2004; Paharia, Keinan, Avery, & Schor, 2011), and identification with…”

“Specifically, we measured engagement based on five dimensions from the Narrative Engagement Scale: empathy, cognitive perspective taking, narrative involvement, ease of cognitive access, and narrative realism [9].”

“[6,7–11]), but the neurocognitive mechanisms behind narrative engagement remain unclear (see [12] for related work on theatre).”

“Relatively few studies examine transportation in computer mediation literature, which typically looks at presence instead (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009).”

“Conceptually, engagement has been applied in various contexts, such as advertising (Kim, Lee, Jo, Jung, & Kang, 2015), narrative (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009), and media (J. Wang & Calder, 2009) and has resulted in as many definitions.”

“These scales are known generically as narrative engagement scales (Busselle and Bilandzic 2009; Kuijpers 2014).”

“…narrative engagement , which is related to the feelings experienced when engaging with audio-visual narratives on television or in the cinema (Busselle and Bilandzic 2009); and player engagement, which is related to the experience of playing games and linked to a multitude of other concepts…”

“Similarly, the engagement scale (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009) has an attentional focus subscale that poses questions like “I found my mind wandering while the program was on” and “While the program was on I found myself thinking about other things” (p. 337).”

“Busselle and Bilandzic [6] describe how flow can be experienced when viewing or reading media, through focus on comprehending the media and constructing mental models of a narrative.”

“…attention across many areas of media psychology, communication, and information research at both the low end (e.g., LaRose, 2010; LaRose, Lin, & Eastin, 2003; Limayem, Hirt, & Cheung, 2007) and high end (e.g., Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green, Brock, & Kaufman, 2004; Jennett et al., 2008).”

“Moreover, research on narrative persuasion has linked empathy and concern for others’ well-being to audiences’ involvement with media characters and stories (Busselle and Bilandzic 2009; Green and Brock 2000; Zillmann and Cantor 1977).”

“Attentional suppression of extra-narrative stimulation has been measured with self-report scales (Green and Brock, 2000; Busselle and Bilandzic, 2009; Tal-Or and Cohen, 2010) and behavioral reaction time measures (Bezdek, 2012).”

“It is also important to note that distraction disrupts these D o w n l o a d e d by [ UVA U n i v e r s it e it s b i b li o t h ee k S Z ] a t 05 : 53 20 J a nu a r y 2016 processes (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green, Brock, & Kaufman, 2004).”

“…and psychological research characterizes responses to the story in terms of the degree of transportation (Green & Brock, 2000), engagement (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009), absorption (Slater & Rouner, 2002), affective (including eudaimonic) responses (Oliver, 2008; Oliver & Raney, 2011), and…”

“Narrative engagement is defined as someone’s experience of a narrative [8] and is known to influence the persuasive effect (e.”

“Other mechanisms of becoming “experientially involved in a text” (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009, p. 336) such as transportation (Green & Brock, 2000) and identification (Cohen, 2001) emphasize different ways of being absorbed, but each instantiation reflects a mechanism that shares core similarities.”

“storyteller,[58, 59] and perceive the story to be real and authentic[60, 61].”

“Finally, the better the child is able to construct a mental image of the story (narrative presence), the easier they can be absorbed by it [7].”

“Busselle and Bilanzic [7] posit that narrative engagement in any media form can be hindered by discrepancies within the story.”

“Combining the use of validated scales measuring transportation and narrative engagement from media psychology (e. g. Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green & Brock, 2000) with, for instance, physiological measures of arousal, such as pupil dilation or skin conductance response (see e.g. Benesh, 2011;…”

“This experience of narrative presence is a key component of the transportation concept (Gerrig, 1993; Green & Brock, 2002) and narrative presence is one of four dimensions of narrative engagement (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009).”

“Previous behavioural (questionnaire) research suggests that simulation influences story world absorption, and that absorption correlates with appreciation (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green & Brock, 2000; Green, Brock, & Kaufman, 2004; Hartung et al., 2016; Kuijpers et al., 2014).”

“Among the various models developed for storytelling evaluation, the Narrative Engagement Scale (Busselle and Bilandzic 2009) consisted of several items grouped into four dimensions: • Narrative understanding; • Attentional focus; • Emotional engagement, which refers both to the ability to feel the…”

“Busselle and Bilandzic (2009) have suggested and tested a scale of narrative engagement based on a mental models approach.”

“Paying 429 attention to a comedy sitcom, on the other hand, involves less cognitive effort than attending to 430 controlled psychological tasks, more akin to a “flow”-like state compared to controlled tasks that 431 require top-down exertion of control (Bellana et al., 2022; Busselle and Bilandzic, 2009; 432 Csikszent…”

“Thus, large amounts of statistical evidence can reduce the comprehensibility of texts, which in turn might lead to increased cognitive effort, frustration, and decreased enjoyment (Busselle and Bilandzic 2009, 325–326).”

“Narrative engagement, a state marked by strong attentional focus on the story and intense emotional experience of the plot and the characters (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009; Green & Brock, 2000), makes the experience of the narrative world more vivid and is likely to influence how viewers think about…”