The Longer Students Were Out of School, the Less They Learned
Abstract
COVID-19 led to school closures and emergency remote learning. This paper analyzes school closures during the pandemic using a unique data base. The determinants of the duration of school closures estimates were used to instrument school closures – stringency of lockdown and vaccination – and causally estimate the impact of duration on learning. It is estimated that for every week that schools were closed, learning levels declined by almost 1% of a standard deviation. This means that a 20 week closure, for example, would reduce learning outcomes by 0.20 standard deviation, almost one year of schooling.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A causal estimate of the impact of duration of school closures finds that for every week that schools were closed, learning levels declined by almost 1% of a standard deviation.
“A causal estimate of the impact of duration of school closures finds that for every week that schools were closed, learning levels declined by almost 1% of a standard deviation1.”
From COVID-19, school closures, and student learning outcomes. New global evidence from PISA (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
Patrinos (2023) estimates that a week of school closures leads to a decline of almost 1% of a standard deviation.
“He estimates that a week of school closures leads to a decline of almost 1% of a standard deviation.”
From School closure policies and student reading achievement: evidence across countries (2023) · cites this paper as Patrinos, 2023
Using the COVID-19 severity measures as instruments, the estimated effect of school closures is -0.15.
“In addition, similar to Patrinos (2023), we use these measures as instruments, and estimate an effect of school closures as -0.15 (see first two columns of Table 5 for these results).”
From School closure policies and student reading achievement: evidence across countries (2023) · cites this paper as Patrinos (2023)
Cites
A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)
Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8 · Cited by 4,578 · see citing works
Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education
Becker, G. S. (1993) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001 · Cited by 4,509 · see citing works
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski, A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C. A. B., Russell, T. W., Tully, D. C., Washburne, A. D., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg3055 · Cited by 2,633 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…NW, Washington DC 20433, USA © 2023 Taylor & Francis shows that the health benefits of school closures seemed to have been lower than the cost of learning losses (Allen, 2022; Davies et al., 2020, 2021; Gandini et al., 2021; Lee & Raszka, 2020; Ludvigsson, 2020; Raffetti & Di Baldassarre, 2022).”
BackgroundEstimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski, A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C. A. B., Russell, T. W., Tully, D. C., Washburne, A. D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.20248822 · Cited by 2,557 · see citing works
Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic
Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen, M. D. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2022376118 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic
Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen, M. D. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/ve4z7 · Cited by 1,739 · see citing works
Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics
Davies, N. G., Klepac, P., Liu, Y., Prem, K., Jit, M., CMMID COVID-19 working group, Pearson, C. A. B., Quilty, B. J., Kucharski, A. J., Gibbs, H. P., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0962-9 · Cited by 1,721 · see citing works
Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from Sentinel data
Cauchemez, S., Valleron, A., Boëlle, P., Flahault, A., & Ferguson, N. M. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06732 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Tomasik, M. J., Helbling, L. A., & Moser, U. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12728 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Measuring human capital using global learning data
Angrist, N., Djankov, S., Goldberg, P. K., & Patrinos, H. A. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03323-7 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationKaffenberger, M. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102326 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Compensating for academic loss: Online learning and student performance during the COVID-19 pandemic
Clark, A. E., Nong, H., Zhu, H., & Zhu, R. (2021) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101629 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID‐19 pandemic – A systematic review
Ludvigsson, J. F. (2020) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15371 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
When the Great Equalizer Shuts Down: Schools, Peers, and Parents in Pandemic TimesPreprint
Agostinelli, F., Doepke, M., Sorrenti, G., & Zilibotti, F. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104574 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on student learning in New South Wales primary schools: an empirical study
Gore, J., Fray, L., Miller, A., Harris, J., & Taggart, W. (2021) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-021-00436-w · Cited by 201 · see citing works
COVID-19 Transmission and Children: The Child Is Not to Blame
Lee, B., & Raszka, W. V. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-004879 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Covid-19 Lockdown Cost/Benefits: A Critical Assessment of the Literature
Allen, D. W. (2021) · International Journal of the Economics of Business · doi:10.1080/13571516.2021.1976051 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
COVID-19 learning losses: Early grade reading in South Africa
Ardington, C., Wills, G., & Kotze, J. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102480 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Jackson, C., Mangtani, P., Hawker, J. I., Olowokure, B., & Vynnycky, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097297 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Hevia, F. J., Vergara-Lope, S., Velásquez-Durán, A., & Calderón, D. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102515 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction During the Pandemic
Goldhaber, D., Kane, T., McEachin, A., Morton, E., Patterson, T., & Staiger, D. (2022) · doi:10.3386/w30010 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The impacts of remote learning in secondary education during the pandemic in Brazil
Lichand, G., Doria, C. A., Leal-Neto, O., & Fernandes, J. P. C. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01350-6 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
School closure during novel influenza: A systematic review
Nafisah, S. B., Alamery, A. H., Nafesa, A. A., Aleid, B., & Brazanji, N. A. (2018) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2018.01.003 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Skar, G. B. U., Graham, S., & Huebner, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000701 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Brown, S. T., Tai, J. H., Bailey, R. R., Cooley, P. C., Wheaton, W. D., Potter, M. A., Voorhees, R. E., LeJeune, M., Grefenstette, J. J., Burke, D. S., et al. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-353 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Experimental evidence on learning using low-tech when school is out
Angrist, N., Bergman, P., & Matsheng, M. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01381-z · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The COVID-19 Cost of School Closures in Earnings and Income across the World
Psacharopoulos, G., Collis, V., Patrinos, H. A., & Vegas, E. (2021) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/713540 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationThorn, W., & Vincent‐Lancrin, S. (2021) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/1c78681e-en · Cited by 95 · see citing works
COVID-19 Pandemic and Student Reading Achievement: Findings From a School Panel Study
Ludewig, U., Kleinkorres, R., Schaufelberger, R., Schlitter, T., Lorenz, R., König, C., Frey, A., & McElvany, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.876485 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gandini, S., Rainisio, M., Iannuzzo, M. L., Bellerba, F., Cecconi, F., & Scorrano, L. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100092 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Screening and vaccination against COVID-19 to minimise school closure: a modelling study
Colosi, E., Bassignana, G., Contreras, D. A., Poirier, C., Boëlle, P., Cauchemez, S., Yazdanpanah, Y., Lina, B., Fontanet, A. L., Barrat, A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00138-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Do Teacher Strikes Harm Educational Attainment of Students?
Belot, M., & Webbink, D. (2010) · LABOUR · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2010.00494.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Apart But Connected: Online Tutoring and Student Outcomes During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Carlana, M., & La Ferrara, E. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3785058 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission
Missing, D. (2020) · Cited by 70 · see citing works
No learning loss in Sweden during the pandemic: Evidence from primary school reading assessments
Hallin, A. E., Danielsson, H., Nordström, T., & Fälth, L. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Amelia, R., Kadarisma, G., Fitriani, N., & Ahmadi, Y. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1657/1/012011 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
COVID-19 Learning Loss and Recovery: Panel Data Evidence from India
Singh, A., Romero, M., & Muralidharan, K. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30552 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
American Economic Review: Insights
Finkelstein, A. N. (2021) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.111.686 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Molnár, G., & Hermann, Z. (2023) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101706 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lerkkanen, M., Pakarinen, E., Salminen, J., & Torppa, M. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10358-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Who Lost the Most? Mathematics Achievement during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Contini, D., Tommaso, M. L. D., Muratori, C., Piazzalunga, D., & Schiavon, L. (2022) · The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.1515/bejeap-2021-0447 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Munday, J. D., Sherratt, K., Meakin, S. R., Endo, A., Pearson, C. A. B., Hellewell, J., Abbott, S., Bosse, N. I., CMMID COVID-19 Working Group, Eggo, R. M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22213-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Online Tutoring by College Volunteers: Experimental Evidence from a Pilot Program
Kraft, M. A., List, J. A., Livingston, J. A., & Sadoff, S. (2022) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20221038 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Online Tutoring Works: Experimental Evidence from a Program with Vulnerable Children
Gortazar, L., Hupkau, C., & Roldán, A. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4390248 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Telementoring and homeschooling during school closures: A randomized experiment in rural BangladeshPreprint
Hassan, H., Islam, A., Siddique, A., & Wang, L. C. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/mhyq5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Learning loss one year after school closures: evidence from the Basque Country
Arenas, A., & Gortazar, L. (2024) · SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association · doi:10.1007/s13209-024-00296-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wolf, S., Aurino, E., Suntheimer, N. M., Avornyo, E. A., Tsinigo, E., Jordan, J., Samanhyia, S., Aber, J. L., & Behrman, J. R. (2021) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
COVID-19’S IMPACT ON LEARNING LOSSES AND LEARNING INEQUALITY IN COLOMBIA
Vegas, E. (2022) · International Journal of Advanced Studies in Economics and Public Sector Management · doi:10.48028/iiprds/ijasepsm.v10.i1.07 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
School closures and effective in-person learning during COVID-19
Kurmann, A., & Lalé, É. (2023) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102422 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Do the Benefits of School Closure Outweigh Its Costs?
Raffetti, E., & Baldassarre, G. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052500 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chaban, T., Rameeva, R., Denisov, I., Дмитриевна, К. Ю., & Zvyagintsev, R. (2022) · Voprosy Obrazovaniya/ Educational Studies Moscow · doi:10.17323/1814-9545-2022-1-160-188 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Haelermans, C., Jacobs, M., van der Velden, R., van Vugt, L., & van Wetten, S. (2022) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20221107 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Asakawa, S., & Ohtake, F. (2021) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Abufhele, A., Bravo, D., Bóo, F. L., & Soto‐Ramírez, P. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4114739 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Coşkun, K., & Kara, C. (2022) · London Review of Education · doi:10.14324/lre.20.1.19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Democracy, State Capacity, and COVID-19 Related School ClosuresPreprint
Cronert, A. (2020) · doi:10.33774/apsa-2020-jf671 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adeniran, A. P., Okoye, D., Yedomiffi, M. P., & Wantchekon, L. (2022) · doi:10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/120 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
School Closures and Effective In-Person Learning during COVID-19Preprint
Kurmann, A., & Lalé, É. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3963981 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lambropoulos, H., Vathi-Sarava, P., & Karatzia–Stavlioti, E. (2022) · European Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.46827/ejes.v9i4.4230 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Countries embracing maternal employment opened schools sooner after Covid-19 lockdowns
Nitsche, N., & Hudde, A. (2022) · doi:10.4054/mpidr-wp-2022-008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
capturing the Educational and Economic Impacts of School Closures in Poland
Gajderowicz, T. J., Jakubowski, M., Patrinos, H. A., & Wrona, S. (2022) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-10253 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
School closure policies and student reading achievement: evidence across countries
Kennedy, A. I., & Strietholt, R. (2023) · Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-023-09415-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In contrast to Patrinos (2023) who also estimates this relationship, we use internationally comparable data on reading achievement as opposed to information collected across several studies measuring achievement from different domains.”
COVID-19, school closures, and student learning outcomes. New global evidence from PISA
Jakubowski, M., Gajderowicz, T., & Patrinos, H. A. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00297-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In some cases, they quickly reopened in 2021, but in some countries, they remained closed longer (Patrinos 2023).”
Self-citationDurrani, N., Qanay, G., Mir, G., Helmer, J., Polat, F., Karimova, N., & Temirbekova, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152014725 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
COVID-19, School Closures, and Student Learning Outcomes: New Global Evidence from PISA
Jakubowski, M., Gajderowicz, T., & Patrinos, H. (2024) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-10666 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning loss and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of evidence
Cruz, N. A. D., Adona, A. J., Molato-Gayares, R., & Park, A. F. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103271 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Teacher Morale and Mental Health at the Conclusion of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pressley, T., Marshall, D. T., Love, S. M., & Neugebauer, N. M. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13121222 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Durrani, N., & Ozawa, V. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241233402 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The lasting impacts of remote learning in the absence of remedial policies: Evidence from Brazil
Lichand, G. F., & Dória, C. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2316300121 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kreitz-Sandberg, S., Enderle, C., Isaksson, J., Fredriksson, U., & Backlund, Å. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2025.2558721 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kuzmanic, D., Meneses, F. J., Valenzuela, J. P., Rodríguez, P., & Claro, S. (2024) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2024.2328016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evaluation of Educational Loss in Europe and Central Asia
Jakubowski, M., Patrinos, H. A., & Gajderowicz, T. J. (2023) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-10542 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThapa, A., & Izawa, M. (2024) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2024.2351882 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Learning Loss and Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of EvidencePreprint
Cruz, N. A. D., Adona, A. J., Molato-Gayares, R., & Park, A. F. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4749492 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Evaluation of achievement change in Egypt using PIRLS data
Patrinos, H. A., Jakubowski, M., & Gajderowicz, T. J. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103371 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPendola, A., Marshall, D. T., & Pressley, T. (2026) · Pandemics · doi:10.3390/pandemics1010006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Salazar-Morales, D., Pineda, P., & Lauriano, L. A. (2024) · Governance. An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions · doi:10.1111/gove.12860 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Peneyra, J. A. S., Paras, R. L. F., Tan, S. G. B., & Villarama, J. A. (2025) · Language, Technology, and Social Media. · doi:10.70211/ltsm.v3i2.211 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Alternative Narrative: When Digital Learning Worked During the Pandemic
Drost, B. R., & Levine, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/00220574241249454 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lights, camera, school: Information provision though television during COVID-19 times
Gallego, F., Molina, O., & Neilson, C. (2025) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103504 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chile: From Closure to Recovery: Tracing the Educational Impact of COVID-19
Hofflinger, À., Rodriguez-Ramirez, R., & Vegas, E. (2024) · Evaluating education: Normative systems and institutional practices · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69284-0_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Romer, P., Samaniego, R. M., Jedwab, R., & Islam, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/s10887-024-09246-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Learning during the pandemic: Evidence from Uzbekistan
Iqbal, S. A., & Patrinos, H. A. (2025) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-025-09736-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationKodama, W., Morgan, P. J., & Azhgaliyeva, D. (2024) · doi:10.56506/roaz2346 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Review of Duck and Cover: Confronting and Correcting Dubious Practices in Education
Wearne, E. (2023) · Journal of School Choice · doi:10.1080/15582159.2023.2274159
Political Economy of the Secondary School Response to Covid-19Preprint
Crockett, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4659577
Pendola, A., Marshall, D. T., & Pressley, T. (2024) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/znxa8
Lights, Camera, School: Information Provision Through Television During Covid-19 TimesPreprint
Gallego, F., Molina, O., & Neilson, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5074829
Johnson, R., Castillo, R. C. J. T., Lubangco, C. K., Teng, T. R. Y., Tolentino, M. A. C., Morgenstern, C., Doohan, P., Haw, D., Forchini, G., de Lara-Tuprio, E. P., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1662043
Contextualizing private troubles and public issues
Northcut, T. B., & Kumaria, S. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197508404.003.0001
COVID-19 school closures, learning losses and intergenerational mobility
Cojocaru, A., Azevedo, J. P., Narayan, A., & Talledo, V. S. M. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06967-w
The impact of COVID-19 on Swiss students’ learning
Unger, V., Grünig, F., Hochweber, J., Brauchle, J., Hübner, N., & Kickmeier-Rust, M. (2026) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102338
VanderPal, G. (2026) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2026.2693405
Child development post-COVID-19 school closures in Ghana: The roles of remote learning experiences
Hang, H., Aurino, E., & Wolf, S. (2026) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2026.103650
Erdem, O. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-24189-4_8
Pedró, F. (2026) · Higher Education Policy · doi:10.1057/s41307-026-00479-7
- Authors
- Patrinos, H. A.
- Affiliations
- World Bank (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patrinos, Harry Anthony
- Venue
- Journal of School Choice
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-04-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-175
- ISSN
- 1558-2159 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2167
- OpenAlex
- W4376135347
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 25.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of School Choice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
- Keywords
- school closures, COVID-19 pandemic, emergency remote teaching, learning loss, lockdown stringency, COVID-19 vaccination, learning outcomes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
