The impact of theory on the effectiveness of worksite physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis and meta-regression
Abstract
Background. Despite the potential importance of worksite physical activity interventions, reviews suggest there is currently a lack of clarity regarding their effectiveness. Aim. This meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of worksite interventions designed to promote physical activity and investigate whether (1) interventions explicitly designed based on theory are more effective, and (2) inclusion of specific behaviour change techniques (BCTs) improves effectiveness. Methods. Worksite interventions with a primary aim of increasing physical activity were systematically reviewed. Designs were experimental or quasi-experimental and outcome measures were objective or validated self-report. Interventions were coded based on the extent to which theory/predictors were used to select/develop intervention techniques. A standardised theory-linked taxonomy of 26 BCTs was also used to code interventions. Effects of explicit use of theory, individual techniques and number of BCTs used were assessed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. Results. Twenty-six studies reporting 27 evaluations were included in the meta-analysis and a random effects model produced an overall effect size (d) of 0.21 (95% CI 0.17–0.26). Subgroup analysis indicated that interventions using theory more explicitly were more effective, producing an effect size of 0.34 (95% CI 0.23–0.45; I 2=0%). No significant differences in effect sizes were found between studies that had used individual BCTs and those that had not, and studies that used more techniques were not more effective. Conclusion. Overall, worksite physical activity interventions were effective, but only produced small sized effects on physical activity. Theory-based interventions were more effective.
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The importance of understanding the theoretical underpinnings of BCTs has been highlighted in previous research.
“The importance of understanding the theoretical underpinnings of BCTs has been highlighted in previous research.10,21,56,57”
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“A third limitation is that one requires a large number of studies and sufficient variation among the studies in terms of intervention components and effect sizes in order to have a chance of detecting relevant associations [36].”
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Steffens, N. K., LaRue, C. J., Haslam, C., Walter, Z. C., Cruwys, T., Munt, K. A., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Tarrant, M. (2021) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1669481 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Digital Behaviour Change Interventions to Break and Form Habits
Pinder, C., Vermeulen, J., Cowan, B. R., & Beale, R. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3196830 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Bluethmann, S. M., Bartholomew, L. K., Murphy, C. C., & Vernon, S. W. (2017) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198116647712 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Bishop, F. L., Fenge-Davies, A. L., Kirby, S., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2015) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.953529 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Development and initial validation of the determinants of physical activity questionnaire
Taylor, N., Lawton, R., & Conner, M. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-74 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationCraig, L. E., McInnes, E., Taylor, N., Grimley, R., Cadilhac, D. A., Considine, J., & Middleton, S. (2016) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0524-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationPears, S., & Sutton, S. (2021) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1727759 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
McCrabb, S., Baker, A. L., Attia, J., Skelton, E., Twyman, L., Palazzi, K., McCarter, K., Ku, D., & Bonevski, B. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay026 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Schneider, H., Moser, K., Butz, A., & Alt, F. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858290 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Taylor, N., Conner, M., & Lawton, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Natalie
- Venue
- Health Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-73
- ISSN
- 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-7202
- OpenAlex
- W2066093349
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- theory-based intervention, behaviour change techniques, physical activity promotion, workplace health promotion, intervention effectiveness
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