The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: the role of intensified gender socialization

Wichstrøm, Lars

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232

Cited by 459Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentGender Roles and Identity StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: the role of intensified gender socialization

Wichstrøm, Lars·1999·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The prevalence of depressive mood was examined in a representative and nationwide sample of approximately 12,000 Norwegian adolescents. From the age of 14, girls scored 0.5 SD above boys in depressed mood, a difference that was stable throughout the adolescent period. At the age of 12, no gender difference was found. The gender difference was due to girls becoming more depressed from 13 to 14 years of age. An extended version of the gender intensification hypothesis (J. P. Hill & M. E. Lynch, 1983) was tested as an explanation for the gender difference in depressed mood. Structural equation modeling and regression analyses showed that the gender difference could be explained, in part, by increased developmental challenges for girls--pubertal development, dissatisfaction with weight and attainment of a mature female body, and increased importance of feminine sex role identification. Depressed mood was not associated with masculinity or school change, as had been predicted.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232

Cites

75 of 75 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The female preponderance in depression is thought to emerge by ages 13 to 15.
“The female preponderance in depression is thought to emerge by ages 13–15”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Wichstrøm, 1999
The period from 9 to 11 years precedes the increase in depression in females.
“The period from 9 to 11 years, which we refer to as late childhood, precedes the increase in depression in females.”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Girls primarily account for the increase in adolescent depression, with a 2:1 sex difference continuing through reproductive years.
“It is primarily girls who account for the increase in adolescence,2,3 evidencing a 2:1 sex difference in depression that continues throughout the reproductive years.4”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [3]

Untitled work
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245 · see citing works
LISREL 7 : user's reference guide
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,783 · see citing works
The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830190102 · Cited by 4,604 · see citing works
Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569 · Cited by 4,529 · see citing works
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358 · Cited by 3,722 · see citing works
At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent
Feldman, S. S., & Elliott, G. R. (1990) · Cited by 3,136 · see citing works
A self‐report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537962 · Cited by 3,129 · see citing works
Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women.
Schnitzer, P. K., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2065631 · Cited by 3,053 · see citing works
The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424 · Cited by 2,221 · see citing works
Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.259 · Cited by 2,001 · see citing works
Psychology : briefer course /
James, W. (n.d.) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 1,439 · see citing works
Cultural Expectations of Thinness in Women
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., Schwartz, D. M., & Thompson, M. (1980) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1980.47.2.483 · Cited by 1,174 · see citing works
Moving into Adolescence
Simmons, R. G., & Blyth, D. A. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315124841 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Sex differences in depression
Wilhelm, K. A. (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-3566 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence.
Ge, X., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., & Simons, R. L. (1994) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.4.467 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression: I. Psychiatric Status
Harrington, R. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810170065010 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Adolescent depression: Why more girls?
Petersen, A. C., Sarigiani, P. A., & Kennedy, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537611 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Sex differences and adolescent depression.
Allgood-Merten, B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Hops, H. (1990) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.99.1.55 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Sex Roles, Marital Status, and Mental Illness
Gove, W. R. (1972) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/51.1.34 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
A self-control model of depression
Rehm, L. P. (1977) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80150-0 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones: evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behavior at adolescence
Buchanan, C. M., Eccles, J. S., & Becker, J. B. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.62 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression.
Lewinsohn, P. M., ROBERTS, R. E., Seeley, J. R., Rohde, P., Gotlib, I. H., & Hops, H. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.2.302 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Adolescent stress and coping: implications for psychopathology during adolescence
Compas, B. E., Orosan, P. G., & Grant, K. E. (1993) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1993.1028 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Self and identity development.
Harter, S. (1990) · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation.
Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.5.1010 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H. M., & ROSENBAUM, M. S. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.97.3.251 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H. M., & Rosenbaum, M. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.251 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Stress and "storm and stress" in early adolescence: The relationship of negative events with dysphoric affect.
Larson, R. W., & Ham, M. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.1.130 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Coming of Age Too Early: Pubertal Influences on Girls' Vulnerability to Psychological Distress
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01919.x · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Coming of age too early: pubertal influences on girls' vulnerability to psychological distress
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131784 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents [published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1987 Aug;144(8):1114]
Kashani, J. H., Beck, N. C., Hoeper, E. W., Fallahi, C., Corcoran, C. M., McAllister, J. A., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.5.584 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of stress buffering for adolescent problem behaviors.
Windle, M. T. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.3.522 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents: Reliability, Validity, and Evaluation of the Question Format
Wichstraum, L. (1995) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6501_8 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Effects of age and pubertal status on depression in a large clinical sample
Angold, A., & Rutter, M. (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005538 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Body image, physical attractiveness, and depression.
Noles, S. W., Cash, T. F., & Winstead, B. A. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.1.88 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
The Relation Between Parenting and Adolescent Depression
Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. P. (1997) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743554897121003 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Masculinity, Femininity, and Sex Role Attitudes in Early Adolescence: Exploring Gender Intensification
Galambos, N. L., Almeida, D. M., & Petersen, A. C. (1990) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb03574.x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Sex-role orientation and psychological well-being: Two meta-analyses
Whitley, B. E. (1985) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288048 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Girls at puberty : biological and psychosocial perspectives
Brooks‐Gunn, J., & Petersen, A. C. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Taxonomy, assessment, and diagnosis of depression during adolescence.
Compas, B. E., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.323 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Prevalence of weight reducing and weight gaining in adolescent girls and boys.
Rosen, J. C., & Gross, J. (1987) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.6.2.131 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The Family Context of Gender Intensification in Early Adolescence
Crouter, A. C., Manke, B., & McHale, S. M. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00873.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Handbook of adolescent psychology
Adelson, J. (1980) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Sex differences in childhood psychopathology: A review.
Eme, R. F. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.574 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Adolescent Personality Development and Historical Change: 1970-1972
Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B. (1974) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165824 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The diagnosis and management of depression
Beck, A. T. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Children's Depression Inventory: Sex and grade norms for normal children.
Finch, A. J., Jr., Saylor, C. F., & Edwards, G. L. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.3.424 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms and personality during late adolescence: Gender differences in the externalization-internalization of symptom expression.
Gjerde, P. F., Block, J., & BLOCK, J. H. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.4.475 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Pubertal Timing, Overweight, and Psychological Adjustment
Alsaker, F. (1992) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431692012004004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
A longitudinal investigation of adolescents' changing perceptions of pubertal timing.
Dubas, J. S., Graber, J. A., & Petersen, A. C. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.4.580 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Depression in young people: Clinical and developmental perspectives
Yule, W. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90132-3 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Depression-related psychosocial variables: Are they specific to depression in adolescents?
Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Gotlib, I. H. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.3.365 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Predictors of Norwegian adolescents' sunbathing and use of sunscreen.
Wichstrøm, L. (1994) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.13.5.412 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gender differences in depressive symptoms in adolescence: Comparison of national samples of clinically referred and nonreferred youths.
Compas, B. E., Oppedisano, G., Connor, J. K., Gerhardt, C. A., Hinden, B. R., Achenbach, T. M., & Hammen, C. L. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.65.4.617 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Body image, self-esteem, and depression-proneness: Closing the gender gap
McCaulay, M., Mintz, L. B., & Glenn, A. A. (1988) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288390 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Parent and child stress and symptoms: An integrative analysis.
Compas, B. E., Howell, D. C., Phares, V., Williams, R. A., & Ledoux, N. (1989) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.550 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Body‐Image Disturbances in Adolescent Female Binge–Purgers: A Brief Report of the Results of a National Survey in the U.S.A.
Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Lewis, R. J. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00272.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mental health, sensation seeking and drug use patterns: a longitudinal study
Pedersen, W. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01769.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Personality Development In Adolescence
Skoe, E. E., & von der Lippe, A. L. (2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203978665 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A prospective study of stressful circumstances, illness symptoms, and depressed mood among adolescents.
Siegel, J. M., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.5.715 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The stability of self-concept in late adolescence: Gender and situational effects
Cairns, E., McWhirter, L., Duffy, U., & Barry, R. J. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90275-v · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mental health in Dutch adolescents: self‐reported competencies and problems for ages 11–18
Verhulst, F. C., Prince, J., Vervuurt‐Poot, C., et al. (1989) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb03050.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Global Self-Worth, Specific Self-Perceptions of Competence, and Depression in Adolescents
King, C. A., Naylor, M. W., Segal, H. G., EVANS, T., & SHAIN, B. N. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199307000-00007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Relationship between depressed mood and sex-typed personality characteristics in adolescents
Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02132781 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Depressive symptomatology among very early maturing girls
Rierdan, J. E., & Koff, E. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537183 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Maturational Timing and the Development of Problem Behavior
Silbereisen, R. Κ., Petersen, A. C., Albrecht, H. T., & Kracke, B. (1989) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431689093005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Masculinity, femininity, life stress, and depression
Stoppard, J. M., & Paisley, K. J. (1987) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00292483 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Parental divorce and depression in young adulthood: adolescents' closeness to parents and self‐esteem as mediating factor
Palosaari, U. K., Aro, H., & Laippala, P. (1996) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10614.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Influence of Older Adolescents on Younger Adolescents: Do Grade-Level Arrangements Make a Difference in Behaviors, Attitudes, and Experiences?
Blyth, D. A., Hill, J. P., & Smyth, C. K. (1981) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/027243168100100109 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gender, Depression, and Body Image in Early Adolescents
Rierdan, J. E., Koff, E., & Stubbs, M. L. (1988) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431688082001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Achievement and Self-Image During Early Adolescence
Roberts, L. R., Sarigiani, P. A., Petersen, A. C., & Newman, J. L. (1990) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431690102004 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
SEX‐ROLE ATTRIBUTES, PERCEIVED COMPETENCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENCE
Wilson, R., & Cairns, E. (1988) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb01885.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Relations of Pubertal Status to Intrapersonal Changes in Young Adolescents
Dorn, L. D., Crockett, L. J., & Petersen, A. C. (1988) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431688084007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Adolescent nutritional and psychological patterns and risk for the development of an eating disorder
Leon, G. R., Perry, C. L., Mangelsdorf, C., et al. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02139041 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Social and cultural factors related to eating problems among adolescents in Norway
Wichstrø, L., Skogen, K., & Øia, T. (1994) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1994.1040 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms
Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000102 · Cited by 2,622 · see citing works
Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective
Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Ries Merikangas, K. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01129-5 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Co–Rumination in the Friendships of Girls and Boys
Rose, A. J. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00509 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Gender differences in unipolar depression: an update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations
Kuehner, C. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression: Stress Exposure and Reactivity Models
Hankin, B. L., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis.
Stice, E., & Bearman, S. K. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms.
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.3.404 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys
Bearman, S. K., Presnell, K., Martinez, E., & Stice, E. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9010-9 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Depression from childhood into late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress.
Hankin, B. L., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R. Z., Smolen, A., Jenness, J. L., Gulley, L. D., Technow, J. R., Gottlieb, A. B., Cohen, J. R., & Oppenheimer, C. W. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000089 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A five-year longitudinal study.
Paxton, S. J., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.888 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: predictors of change
Garber, J., Keiley, M. K., & Martin, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.79 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: Predictors of change.
Garber, J., Keiley, M. K., & Martin, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.79 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
A meta‐analytic examination of the relationship between child sexual abuse and eating disorders
Smolak, L., & Murnen, S. K. (2002) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10008 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Relation of early menarche to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and comorbid psychopathology among adolescent girls
Stice, E., Presnell, K., & Bearman, S. K. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.608 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Puberty and depression
Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2006) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2006.05.013 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Predictors of non-suicidal self-injury versus attempted suicide: similar or different?
Wichstr⊘m, L. (2009) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110902834992 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predicting female depression across puberty: A two-nation longitudinal study
Patton, G. C., Olsson, C., Bond, L., Toumbourou, J. W., Carlin, J. B., Hemphill, S. A., & Catalano, R. F. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181886ebe · Cited by 159 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Rumination and Depression in Early Adolescence
Broderick, P. C., & Korteland, C. (2004) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104504043920 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Early Pubertal Maturation and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: Sex Differences in the Role of Cortisol Reactivity to Interpersonal Stress
Natsuaki, M. N., Klimes-Dougan, B., Ge, X., Shirtcliff, E. A., Hastings, P. D., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410902976320 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
African American Children's Depressive Symptoms: The Prospective Effects of Neighborhood Disorder, Stressful Life Events, and Parenting
Natsuaki, M. N., Ge, X., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2007) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9092-5 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Examining minor and major depression in adolescents
González‐Tejera, G., Canino, G., Ramírez, R., Chávez, L., Shrout, P., Bird, H., Bravo, M., Martínez‐Taboas, A., Ribera, J., & Bauermeister, J. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00370.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Comparison of adolescents with and without diabetes on indices of psychosocial functioning for three years
Helgeson, V. S., Snyder, P. R., Escobar, O., Siminerio, L., & Becker, D. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm020 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
A multimethod examination of the stability of depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence
Tram, J. M., & Cole, D. A. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.674 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders
Keenan, K., Hipwell, A., Feng, X., Babinski, D., Hinze, A., Rischall, M., & Henneberger, A. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181886eab · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Does social anxiety predict rumination and co-rumination among adolescents?
Jose, P. E., Wilkins, H., & Spendelow, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.632346 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Puberty as a Developmental Context of Risk for Psychopathology
Rudolph, K. D. (2014) · Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_17 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Feasibility of attachment based family therapy for depressed clinic-referred Norwegian adolescents
Israel, P., & Diamond, G. S. (2013) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104512455811 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Happiness and depression in the traditionally bullied and cyberbullied 12-year-old
Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., & Lehto, J. E. (2016) · Open Review of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/23265507.2016.1155168 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The association between self-esteem and aesthetic component of smile among adolescents
Gavic, L., Budimir, M., & Tadin, A. (2024) · Progress in Orthodontics · doi:10.1186/s40510-023-00508-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Moreover, several studies strongly suggest that the dissatisfaction with one’s body is a significant predictor of lower self-esteem in adolescent girls [23, 26].”
Background
Friendship quality moderates the relation between maternal anxiety and trajectories of adolescent internalizing symptoms
Havewala, M., Felton, J. W., & Lejuez, C. W. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09742-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Authors: Wichstrøm, L.
Affiliations: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
Corresponding author: Wichstrøm, Lars
ORCID: Wichstrøm, Lars
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 232-245
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232
OpenAlex: W2072742403
Cited by: 459
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 17.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: gender differences, depressive mood, adolescent depression, gender socialization, puberty, body dissatisfaction, gender role identification, developmental difficulties, Norwegian adolescents
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Body Image, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Norway, Puberty, Regression Analysis, Sampling Studies, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Socialization, Prevalence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: the role of intensified gender socialization

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks