The shape school: Assessing executive function in preschool children
Abstract
Age‐related changes in executive function were examined on a new task, the Shape School, in 70 preschool children (32–68 months old). The Shape School is a colorful storybook designed to examine inhibition and switching processes in young children. Results confirmed that task efficiency varied significantly with age, with older age groups outperforming younger groups. Furthermore, inhibition efficiency improved significantly between 3 to 4 years of age, whereas switching skills showed developmental improvement from 4 to 5 years of age. These results suggest that the Shape School is sensitive to maturational effects and that performance can be parsed into inhibition and switching processes. The Shape School may be useful in clinical populations in order to elucidate developmental brain‐behavior relations in preschool children.
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On the Shape School Inhibit condition, accuracy improved only marginally for children aged 3 to 5 years, but speed increased dramatically during this period.
“Accuracy of responding improved only marginally for children aged between 3 and 5 years on the Inhibit condition (Go/No-Go) on the Shape School test, but speed increased dramatically during this developmental period (K. A. Espy, Kaufmann, & Glisky, 2001;K. Espy, 1997).”
From Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers (2012) · cites this paper as K. Espy, 1997
The inhibition trial of the Shape School is considered appropriate for preschoolers aged 3 years and older, while the switch and combined trials are considered appropriate for children aged 3 years 6 months and older.
“The inhibition trial is considered appropriate for preschoolers aged 3-years and older, while the more complex switch and combined (switch & inhibit) trials are considered appropriate for children aged 3:6 years and older.”
From Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers (2012) · cites this paper as K.Espy, 1997
The Shape School test assesses both inhibition and switching.
“The Shape School test (K.Espy, 1997;K. A. Espy, Bull, Martin, & Stroup, 2006) assesses both inhibition and switching.”
From Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers (2012) · cites this paper as K.Espy, 1997
The switch condition of the Shape School is successfully completed by most 4-year-olds; while accuracy increases slightly, improved performance in older preschoolers is predominantly reflected in better switching fluency and reduced time to complete the task.
“The switch condition of the Shape School is successfully completed by most 4-year-olds, and while accuracy increases slightly, improved performance in older preschoolers is predominantly reflected in better switching fluency and reduced time needed to complete the task (K.Espy, 1997).”
From Assessing Executive Function in Preschoolers (2012) · cites this paper as K.Espy, 1997
The ability to switch between sets of simple stimuli emerges by age 5.
“The ability to switch between sets of simple stimuli emerges by age 5 (Espy, 1997).”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Espy, 1997
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Clark, C. A. C., Nelson, J. M., Garza, J. P., Sheffield, T. D., Wiebe, S. A., & Espy, K. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00107 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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ATTENTIONAL FLEXIBILITY AND PERSEVERATION: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
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The developmental neuropsychology of executive functions
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- Authors
- Espy, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
- Corresponding author
- Espy, Kimberly Andrews
- Venue
- Developmental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 495-499
- ISSN
- 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-5641
- OpenAlex
- W1978033458
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- executive function, preschool children, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, task switching, age-related development, brain-behavior relationship
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