Do I Think BLS Data are BS? The Consequences of Conspiracy Theories
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Exposure to conspiracy theories decreases trust in governmental institutions, even if the conspiracy theories are unrelated to those institutions.
“Experiments show that exposure to conspiracy theories decreases trust in governmental institutions, even if the conspiracy theories are unrelated to those institutions (Einstein & Glick, 2015).”
From The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories (2017) · cites this paper as Einstein & Glick, 2015
Exposure to conspiracy theories undermines trust in democratic institutions.
“Exposure to such theories has been shown to undermine trust in democratic institutions (van Prooijen et al., 2022)”
From The Seed of Doubt: Examining the Role of Alternative Social and News Media for the Birth of a Conspiracy Theory (2024) · cites this paper as Einstein & Glick, 2015
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Understanding and Countering Misinformation About Climate Change
Cook, J. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch081 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Empowerment as a Tool to Reduce Belief in Conspiracy Theories
van Prooijen, J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0030 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
How conspiracy theories can stimulate political engagement
Kim, Y. (2019) · Journal of Elections, Public Opinion, and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2019.1651321 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Salvati, M., Pellegrini, V., Cristofaro, V. D., & Giacomantonio, M. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12678 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Conspiracy Theories and Philosophy
Dentith, M. R. X. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
DiFonzo, N. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Group-oriented motivations underlying conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241240696 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Conspiracist cognition: chaos, convenience, and cause for concern
Lewandowsky, S. (2021) · Journal for Cultural Research · doi:10.1080/14797585.2021.1886423 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Contrasting the Spread of Misinformation in Online Social Networks
Amoruso, M., Anello, D., Auletta, V., Cerulli, R., Ferraioli, D., & Raiconi, A. (2020) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1.11509 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Haupt, M. R., Li, J., & Mackey, T. K. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211013843 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Schatto-Eckrodt, T., Clever, L., & Frischlich, L. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241246281 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Consuming them erodes trust in democratic institutions both immediately afterwards (Einstein & Glick, 2015; Kim & Cao, 2016) and over time (Pummerer et al., 2020).”
Conspiratorial Thinking and Dueling Fact Perceptions
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
LOCO: The 88-million-word language of conspiracy corpus
Miani, A., Hills, T. T., & Bangerter, A. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01698-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“CT belief is also related to general distrust and political alienation along with endorsement of nonnormative (vs. normative) political intentions (Einstein & Glick, 2015; Imhoff et al., 2021; Jolley & Douglas, 2014a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIs the label ‘conspiracy theory’ a cause or a consequence of disbelief in alternative narratives?
Douglas, K. M., van Prooijen, J., & Sutton, R. M. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12548 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Don't trust anybody: Conspiracy mentality and the detection of facial trustworthiness cues
Frenken, M., & Imhoff, R. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3955 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Räikkä, J., & Basham, L. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Factors associated with the belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories in Pakistan
Ejaz, W., Ittefaq, M., Seo, H., & Naz, F. (2021) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2021.1929865 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Christner, C. (2022) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.7969 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Conspiracy Theories in Post-Soviet Russia
Yablokov, I. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0024 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Polls, Plots, and Party Politics
Enders, A. M., & Smallpage, S. M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Han, H., Blackburn, A. M., Jeftić, A., Tran, T. P., Stöckli, S., Reifler, J., & Vestergren, S. (2022) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268822001443 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
(2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Constraint
Enders, A. M. (2019) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfz032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bolsen, T., Palm, R. I., & Kingsland, J. T. (2021) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2021.1991967 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Collective Conspiracy Mentality in Poland
Soral, W., Cichocka, A. K., Bilewicz, M., & Marchlewska, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0025 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Political trust, political party preference and trust in knowledge-based institutions
Saarinen, A., Koivula, A., & Keipi, T. (2020) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-06-2019-0113 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The stock market is rigged? Conspiracy beliefs and distrust predict lower stock market participation
Fiagbenu, M. E. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3981 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Is Covid-19 a natural event? Covid-19 pandemic and conspiracy beliefs
Pellegrini, V., Giacomantonio, M., Cristofaro, V. D., Salvati, M., Brasini, M., Carlo, E., Mancini, F., & Leone, L. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
COVID-19 Conspiracies, Trust in Authorities, and Duty to Comply with Social Distancing Restrictions
Murphy, K., Mccarthy, M., Sargeant, E., & Williamson, H. (2022) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-021-00042-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The vicious cycle of violent intergroup conflicts and conspiracy theories
Hebel‐Sela, S., Hameiri, B., & Halperin, E. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101422 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mancosu, M., & Vassallo, S. (2022) · Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica · doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.57 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Does Belief in Conspiracy Theories Affect Interpersonal Relationships?
Toribio‐Flórez, D., Green, R., Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2023) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2023.8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Incomplete Knowledge, Rumour and Truth Seeking
Konkes, C., & Lester, L. (2015) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2015.1089182 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Vezzoni, C., Sani, G. M. D., Chiesi, A. M., Ladini, R., Biolcati, F., Guglielmi, S., Maggini, N., Maraffi, M., Molteni, F., Pedrazzani, A., et al. (2021) · Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica · doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.19 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
How Conspiracy Theories Spread
DeWitt, D., Atkinson, M., & Wegner, D. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Einstein, K. L., & Glick, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Einstein, Katherine Levine
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2014-09-04
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 679-701
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W2100098273
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 28.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, conspiracy beliefs, public trust in government, belief elicitation, survey experiment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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