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Cited by 11Neuroscience and Neural EngineeringVagus Nerve Stimulation ResearchEEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces

Three-dimensional multilayer concentric bipolar electrodes restrict spatial activation in optic nerve stimulation

Open access
Borda, Eleonora, Gaillet, Vivien, Airaghi Leccardi, Marta Jole Ildelfonsa, Zollinger, Elodie Geneviève, Moreira, Ricardo Camilo, Ghezzi, Diego·2022·Journal of Neural Engineering
DOI 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6d7e
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Abstract

Objective. Intraneural nerve interfaces often operate in a monopolar configuration with a common and distant ground electrode. This configuration leads to a wide spreading of the electric field. Therefore, this approach is suboptimal for intraneural nerve interfaces when selective stimulation is required. Approach. We designed a multilayer electrode array embedding three-dimensional concentric bipolar (CB) electrodes. First, we validated the higher stimulation selectivity of this new electrode array compared to classical monopolar stimulation using simulations. Next, we compared them in-vivo by intraneural stimulation of the rabbit optic nerve and recording evoked potentials in the primary visual cortex. Main results. Simulations showed that three-dimensional CB electrodes provide a high localisation of the electric field in the tissue so that electrodes are electrically independent even for high electrode density. Experiments in-vivo highlighted that this configuration restricts spatial activation in the visual cortex due to the fewer fibres activated by the electric stimulus in the nerve. Significance. Highly focused electric stimulation is crucial to achieving high selectivity in fibre activation. The multilayer array embedding three-dimensional CB electrodes improves selectivity in optic nerve stimulation. This approach is suitable for other neural applications, including bioelectronic medicine.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

A multilayer intraneural array with three-dimensional concentric bipolar (CB) electrodes was designed to restrict spatial activation during optic nerve stimulation. Simulations and in vivo rabbit experiments showed that 3D multilayer CB stimulation activates fewer optic nerve fibres and produces more localized visual cortex responses than monopolar stimulation.

Key findings

  • FEA simulations showed that 3D multilayer CB electrodes localize the electric field and remain electrically independent even at high electrode density, whereas monopolar electrodes showed wide field spread, potential summation, and cross-talk.
  • Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling found that a 3D multilayer CB electrode activated about 40 times fewer fibres than a monopolar electrode; at similar total activation probability across the nerve section (4.8% difference), 60% of the CB cumulative distribution was activated at probability >0.9 versus 40% for monopolar, and the total activated area was 30.4% larger for monopolar.
  • In vivo, EEP peak-to-peak amplitudes rose monotonically with current; responses began above zero at 150 µA for monopolar and 250 µA for 3D multilayer CB, with significantly different linear regression slopes (monopolar slope = 0.0524, R² = 0.9140; CB slope = 0.0192, R² = 0.8488; p < 0.0001).
  • The 3D multilayer CB configuration produced fewer responsive ECoG electrodes and a smaller normalized weighted distance across current amplitudes; from 1500 µA, all eight stimulating electrodes per rabbit showed a significant difference between monopolar and CB. Return coefficient α linearly modulated activated fibre number, and increasing pulses in a train increased EEP amplitude.

Methods

  • FEA was performed in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 with a 5 × 5 electrode array (80 µm diameter, 100 µm pitch) in a saline box; a hybrid FEA-NEURON model of the rabbit optic nerve used McNeal’s cable model and activation probability maps across current amplitudes from 2 to 2000 µA.
  • A Flat-OpticSELINE array with eight 3D multilayer CB electrodes (40 µm diameter, 160 µm pitch) was microfabricated, coated with platinum black, and characterized by EIS and CV.
  • In vivo experiments used two female Chinchilla Bastard rabbits; the array was inserted transversally into the optic nerve, EEPs were recorded from V1 with a 32-electrode ECoG array, and stimulation used biphasic pulses at 10–2000 µA, with 52 conditions and 416 stimuli delivered randomly, repeated 30 times in rabbit 1 and 15 times in rabbit 2. Analysis used PCA and Gaussian mixture model clustering, EEP peak-to-peak amplitudes, responsive electrode counts, and normalized weighted distance.

Limitations

  • Stated: measuring fibre activation directly in the optic nerve remains an open challenge due to limited space in the intracranial segment; the authors instead inferred activation from visual cortex EEPs.
  • Stated: the ECoG array’s signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution may not have been sufficient to record EEPs from a small number of activated fibres at low currents in the CB configuration; future work should use higher-resolution recording or imaging.
  • Stated: central and return electrode areas were almost identical, so future work could investigate different surface areas to optimize stimulation efficiency. Evident from the text: the in vivo validation used only two rabbits, making it a feasibility study with limited generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6d7e

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 23 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 6

    FEA simulations confirmed that the local return electrode in the 3D multilayer concentric bipolar configuration localised the electric field.

    “FEA simulations confirmed that the local return electrode localised the electric field (figures 1(h) and (i)).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 6

    In FEA simulations with only one electrode active, the electric potential profile has a Gaussian shape for both monopolar and 3D multilayer concentric bipolar configurations.

    “When only one electrode is active, the electric potential profile obtained by FEA simulations has a Gaussian shape for both the monopolar configuration (figure 2(b), left) and the 3D multilayer CB configuration (figure 2(c), left).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 6

    When all 25 electrodes are activated in monopolar configuration, the electric potential profile is widened and increased in amplitude due to potential summation.

    “When all the 25 electrodes are activated, the electric potential profile obtained for the monopolar configuration (figure 2(b), middle) is widened and increased in amplitude due to potential summation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 4. Discussion · p. 14

    The response spread increased with increasing current amplitudes for both monopolar and 3D multilayer CB configurations.

    “We showed it increased with increasing current amplitudes for both monopolar, as presented in [24], and 3D multilayer CB configurations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Wong, 2016, Spectral distribution of local field potential responses to electrical stimulation of the retina, J. Neural Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 8

    The 3D multilayer CB configuration contains a higher proportion of high activation probabilities than the monopolar configuration.

    “The 3D multilayer CB configuration (red line) contains a higher proportion of high activation probabilities than the monopolar configuration (black line)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 6

    In monopolar configuration, lateral spreading of the electric potential increases with distance from the electrode, whereas in 3D multilayer concentric bipolar configuration it remains sharp even 100 μm away.

    “However, for the monopolar configuration, the lateral spreading of the electric potential increases as the distance from the electrode increase (figure 2(b), left), while it remains sharp for the 3D multilayer CB configuration (figure 2(c), left) even on a plane located 100 µ maway from the electrode.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 4. Discussion · p. 14

    The 3D multilayer CB configuration activated smaller EEPs and a smaller area on the cortex than the monopolar electrodes.

    “the 3D multilayer CB configuration activated smaller EEPs and a smaller area on the cortex than the monopolar electrodes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Wong, 2009, Focal activation of the feline retina via a suprachoroidal electrode array, Vision Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 8

    The total activated area is larger by a 30.4% percentage increase in the monopolar configuration compared to the 3D multilayer CB configuration, despite similar total activation probability.

    “the total activated area (black contour in the maps) is larger by a 30.4% percentage increase in the monopolar configuration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data
    § 3.3. Electrophysiological validation in-vivo · p. 10

    From 150 μA, an increasing number of stimulating electrodes elicited a significantly different averaged EEP peak-to-peak amplitude between monopolar and 3D multilayer CB configurations.

    “From 150 µ A, an increasing number of stimulating electrodes appeared to elicit a significantly different EEP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.3. Electrophysiological validation in-vivo · p. 10

    EEP peak-to-peak amplitudes became higher than zero starting from a current amplitude of 150 μA for the monopolar configuration and 250 μA for the 3D multilayer CB.

    “EEP peak-to-peak amplitudes became higher than zero, starting from a current amplitude of 150 µ A for the monopolar configuration and 250 µ A for the 3D multilayer CB.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    The first two principal components represented more than 95% of the variance.

    “We selected the first two principal components representing more than 95% of the variance [31].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Jolliffe, 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 8

    In the 3D multilayer CB configuration, 60% of the cumulative distribution is activated at an activation probability higher than 0.9, while only 40% in the monopolar configuration.

    “in the 3Dmultilayer CB configuration, 60% of the cumulative distribution is activated at an activation probability higher than 0.9 (dashed grey line), while only 40% in the monopolar configuration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 4. Discussion · p. 14

    Modulation of the return coefficient α could increase the number of fibres activated and the EEP peak-to-peak amplitude.

    “the modulation of the return coefficient α could increase the number of fibres activated and the EEP peak-to-peak amplitude.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    Selective activation of a few optic nerve fibres by each electrode was still an open challenge.

    “However, the selective activation of a few optic nerve fibres by each electrode was still an open challenge.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Gaillet, 2020, Spatially selective activation of the visual cortex via intraneural stimulation of the optic nerve, Nat. Biomed. Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Gaillet, 2021, A machine-learning algorithm correctly classifies cortical evoked potentials from both visual stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic nerve, J. Neural Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    In a concentric bipolar configuration, each stimulating electrode has a concentric return electrode, and the electric field is localised between the two electrodes.

    “Each stimulating electrode has a concentric return electrode, and the electric field is localised between the two electrodes [14].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Shivdasani, 2014, Factors affecting perceptual thresholds in a suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    The OpticSELINE intraneural electrode array was recently proposed for artificial vision via optic nerve electrical stimulation.

    “Our research group recently proposed a new intraneural electrode array (OpticSELINE) for artificial vision via optic nerve electrical stimulation [18, 19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Gaillet, 2020, Spatially selective activation of the visual cortex via intraneural stimulation of the optic nerve, Nat. Biomed. Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Gaillet, 2021, A machine-learning algorithm correctly classifies cortical evoked potentials from both visual stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic nerve, J. Neural Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    The 3D multilayer process allows placing electrodes on separate layers and overlaying feedlines, so each electrode pair occupies the same space on the array as the monopolar configuration.

    “This multilayer process allows placing electrodes on separate layers and overlaying the feedlines. Therefore, each electrode pair occupies the same space on the array as the monopolar configuration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    In monopolar stimulation, injected current spreads to the common distant ground, preventing confinement of electrical stimulation around the electrode and activating a large portion of neural tissue.

    “When the current is injected into the stimulating electrode, the electric field spreads to the common and distant ground, not allowing the confinement of the electrical stimulation around the electrode and resulting in the activation of a large portion of the neural tissue [13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Moghadam, 2013, Quasi-monopolar stimulation: a novel electrode design configuration for performance optimization of a retinal neuroprosthesis, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § 1. Introduction · p. 3

    A conventional concentric bipolar configuration requires two feedlines for each electrode pair, increasing the space occupied on the array and the size of the implant.

    “Compared to the monopolar configuration, the main disadvantage of a conventional CB configuration is that two feedlines are required for each electrode pair, composed of the stimulating electrode and the concentric return electrode. Two feedlines increase the space occupied on the array and, consequently, the size of the implant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    The ground plane configuration requires fewer feedlines than the QMP configuration.

    “Compared to the QMP configuration, its main advantage is that it requires fewer feedlines”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    QMP requires complex current injection schemes at each of the hexapolar electrodes, and the electrodes in the external perimeter of the array cannot be used for QMP stimulation.

    “QMP requires complex current injection schemes at each of the hexapolar electrodes, and the electrodes in the external perimeter of the array cannot be used for QMP stimulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Bendali, 2015, Synthetic 3D diamond-based electrodes for flexible retinal neuroprostheses: model, production and in vivo biocompatibility, Biomaterials source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 7

    For low current amplitudes in monopolar configuration, the activated area is not symmetrical to the horizontal plane because the electrode is exposed to the upper part of the nerve and the PI substrate reduces stimulation in the lower part.

    “For low current amplitudes, the shape is not symmetrical to the horizontal plane because the electrode is exposed to the upper part of the nerve, and the PI substrate reduces the stimulation in the lower part of the nerve.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    Measuring the fibre activation upon electrical stimulation in the optic nerve remains an open challenge due to the limited space available in the intracranial segment.

    “measuring the fibre activation upon electrical stimulation in the optic nerve remains an open challenge due to the limited space available in the intracranial segment, where the array is currently implanted.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    The QMP configuration is suitable for large surface electrode arrays and not for intraneural electrode arrays.

    “the QMP configuration is suitable for large surface electrode arrays (e.g. retinal prostheses or ECoG arrays) and not for intraneural electrode arrays.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    A ground plane surrounding each electrode of the array limits the final electrode density.

    “a ground plane surrounding each electrode of the array limits the final electrode density.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 2.7. Signal processing · p. 5

    EEPs were visually inspected and manually rejected when presenting noisy signals before data analysis.

    “Before data analysis in MATLAB, EEPs were visually inspected and manually rejected when presenting noisy signals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 7

    In 3D multilayer concentric bipolar configuration, stimulation is localised vertically to a few tens of micrometres from the electrode surface, unlike monopolar configuration.

    “Thus, the stimulation is localised vertically to a few tens of micrometres from the electrode surface, which is not the case for the monopolar configuration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 2.8. Statistical analysis and graphical representation · p. 6

    The D'Agostino and Pearson omnibus normality test was performed to justify the choice of the statistical test.

    “The D'Agostino and Pearson omnibus normality test was performed to justify the choice of the statistical test.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3.1. Hybrid FEA-NEURON modelling · p. 8

    The peripheral area with low activation probabilities visible in the monopolar configuration is associated with the activation of larger fibres away from the electrode since they have a lower activation threshold compared to smaller fibres.

    “The peripheral area with low activation probabilities visible in the monopolar configuration is associated with the activation of larger fibres away from the electrode since they have a lower activation threshold compared to smaller fibres.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    The ground plane configuration provides focalisation of the currents.

    “A second option is the ground plane configuration, where a highly conductive local ground plane provides focalisation of the currents [28, 29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [28] Joucla, 2009, Improved focalization of electrical microstimulation using microelectrode arrays: a modeling study, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Joucla, 2014, Current approaches to model extracellular electrical neural microstimulation, Front. Comput. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation
    § 2.5. Animal handling and surgery · p. 5

    Animal experiments were performed according to authorisation GE519 approved by the Département de l'Emploi, des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé, Direction Générale de la Santé of the Republique et Canton de Genève (Switzerland).

    “Animal experiments were performed according to the authorisation GE519 approved by the Département de l'Emploi, des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé, Direction Générale de la Santé of the Republique et Canton de Genève (Switzerland), as previously described [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Gaillet, 2021, A machine-learning algorithm correctly classifies cortical evoked potentials from both visual stimulation and electrical stimulation of the optic nerve, J. Neural Eng. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 2.6. Electrophysiological recording and stimulation · p. 5

    The stimulation protocol was repeated 30 times for rabbit 1 and 15 times for rabbit 2 for both monopolar and 3D multilayer concentric bipolar configurations.

    “The stimulation protocol was repeated 30 times (rabbit 1) and 15 times (rabbit 2) for both monopolar and 3D multilayer CB configurations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § 4. Discussion · p. 13

    A metallic ground plane exposed to the extracellular medium is not advantageous because of the risk of delamination, it makes the device not transparent, and it may crack due to implant bending.

    “A metallic ground plane exposed to the extracellular medium is not advantageous because of the risk of delamination, it makes the device not transparent (if necessary), and it may crack due to the implant bending necessary in most surgical insertions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 3.3. Electrophysiological validation in-vivo · p. 12

    More pulses in the train increased the EEP peak-to-peak amplitude by increasing the probability of fibre activation via a mechanism of temporal summation resulting from the repeated activation of the same few fibres and not by the enlargement of the activated area of the nerve.

    “More pulses in the train increased the EEP peak-topeak amplitude by increasing the probability of fibre activation via a mechanism of temporal summation resulting from the repeated activation of the same few fibres and not by the enlargement of the activated area of the nerve.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
29 of 29

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Highly focused electric stimulation is crucial to achieving high selectivity in fibre activation.

    “Highly focused electric stimulation is crucial to achieving high selectivity in fibre activation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a trade-off between electrode density and electrical independence in neural interfaces.

    “Although these two concepts work in theory, there is a constraint in practice: a trade-off between density and independence must be found.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Measuring the recruitment of nerve fibres in vivo is a challenging task.

    “However, measuring the recruitment of nerve fibres in-vivo is a challenging task.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Similar total activation probability across the entire nerve section corresponds to a similar number of activated fibres.

    “It must also be clarified that a similar total activation probability corresponds to a similar number of activated fibres.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The peak-to-peak amplitude of EEPs recorded in V1 is a valid proxy for the number of fibres activated in the optic nerve.

    “Thus, we could infer that a lower peak-to-peak amplitude of the EEPs with the 3D multilayer CB configuration is associated with fewer fibres activated in the optic nerve.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Results in rabbits showed that the selective activation of different portions of the optic nerve induced spatially organised cortical activation patterns in the rabbit's V1.

    “Results in rabbits showed that the selective activation of different portions of the optic nerve induced spatially organised cortical activation patterns in the rabbit's V1 [63,74,75].”

    From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [75]

  • A common approach is to use bipolar stimulation through two close electrodes, as shown in retinal, optic nerve, and thalamic prostheses.

    “A common approach is to use bipolar stimulation through two close electrodes, as shown in retinal [36,143,144], optic nerve [75], and thalamic prostheses [81].”

    From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [75]

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References 41 · Cited by 11

Authors
Borda, E., Gaillet, V., Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., Zollinger, E. G., Moreira, R. C., & Ghezzi, D.
Affiliations
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
Corresponding author
Ghezzi, Diego
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Neural Engineering
Publisher
IOP Publishing
Published
2022-05-27
Volume
19
Issue
3
Pages
036016
ISSN
  • 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
  • 1741-2560
DOI
10.1088/1741-2552/ac6d7e
OpenAlex
W4228999278
Semantic Scholar
c72a6a53f9979ad03720c3d104d28f2c199c9f31
Cited by
11
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3
FWCI
1.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
  • Swiss National Science Foundation (200021_182670)
  • Medtronic plc
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Keywords
optic nerve stimulation, monopolar stimulation, evoked potentials, primary visual cortex, bioelectronic medicine
MeSH terms
Animals, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Electrodes, Implanted, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Optic Nerve, Rabbits, Visual Cortex

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