Spectral distribution of local field potential responses to electrical stimulation of the retina
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Different frequency bands of the local field potential (LFP) have been shown to reflect neuronal activity occurring at varying cortical scales. As such, recordings of the LFP may offer a novel way to test the efficacy of neural prostheses and allow improvement of stimulation strategies via neural feedback. Here we use LFP measurements from visual cortex to characterize neural responses to electrical stimulation of the retina. We aim to show that the LFP is a viable signal that contains sufficient information to optimize the performance of sensory neural prostheses. APPROACH: Clinically relevant electrode arrays were implanted in the suprachoroidal space of one eye in four felines. LFPs were simultaneously recorded in response to stimulation of individual electrodes using penetrating microelectrode arrays from the visual cortex. The frequency response of each electrode was extracted using multi-taper spectral analysis and the uniqueness of the responses was determined via a linear decoder. MAIN RESULTS: We found that cortical LFPs are reliably modulated by electrical stimulation of the retina and that the responses are spatially localized. We further characterized the spectral distribution of responses, with maximum information being contained in the low and high gamma bands. Finally, we found that LFP responses are unique to a large range of stimulus parameters (∼40) with a maximum conveyable information rate of 6.1 bits. SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that the LFP can be used to validate responses to electrical stimulation of the retina and we provide the first steps towards using these responses to provide more efficacious stimulation strategies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The response spread increased with increasing current amplitudes for both monopolar and 3D multilayer CB configurations.
“We showed it increased with increasing current amplitudes for both monopolar, as presented in [24], and 3D multilayer CB configurations.”
From Three-dimensional multilayer concentric bipolar electrodes restrict spatial activation in optic nerve stimulation (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control
Wolpaw, J. R., Birbaumer, N., McFarland, D. J., Pfurtscheller, G., & Vaughan, T. M. (2002) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00057-3 · Cited by 7,927 · see citing works
Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex
Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1959) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006308 · Cited by 4,653 · see citing works
Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis
Thomson, D. J. (1982) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/proc.1982.12433 · Cited by 4,411 · see citing works
A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence.
Fries, P. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011 · Cited by 4,284 · see citing works
The origin of extracellular fields and currents — EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes
Buzsáki, G., Anastassiou, C. A., & Koch, C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3241 · Cited by 4,225 · see citing works
Gray, C. M., König, P., Engel, A. K., & Singer, W. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/338334a0 · Cited by 4,183 · see citing works
Mitzdorf, U. (1985) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1985.65.1.37 · Cited by 1,690 · see citing works
Spectral fingerprints of large-scale neuronal interactions
Siegel, M., Donner, T. H., & Engel, A. K. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3137 · Cited by 1,295 · see citing works
A brain–computer interface using electrocorticographic signals in humans
Leuthardt, E. C., Schalk, G., Wolpaw, J. R., Ojemann, J. G., & Moran, D. W. (2004) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/1/2/001 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Gold, B., Morgan, N. H., & Ellis, D. P. W. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118142882.ch8 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Analysis of Dynamic Brain Imaging Data
Mitra, P. P., & Pesaran, B. (1999) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77236-x · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Different Origins of Gamma Rhythm and High-Gamma Activity in Macaque Visual Cortex
Ray, S., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2011) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000610 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Analysis of Dynamic Brain Imaging Data
Mitra, P. P., & Pesaran, B. (1998) · Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Cochlear implants: A remarkable past and a brilliant future
Wilson, B. S., & Dorman, M. F. (2008) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2008.06.005 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis
Humayun, M. S., Weiland, J. D., Fujii, G. Y., Greenberg, R., Williamson, R., Little, J., Mech, B., Cimmarusti, V., Van Boemel, G., Dagnelie, G., et al. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00457-7 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words
Zrenner, E., Bartz-Schmidt, K. U., Benav, H., Besch, D., Bruckmann, A., Gabel, V.-P., Gekeler, F., Greppmaier, U., Harscher, A., Kibbel, S., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1747 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
The retinotopic organization of area 17 (striate cortex) in the cat
Tusa, R. J., Palmer, L. A., & Rosenquist, A. C. (1978) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901770204 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Local Origin of Field Potentials in Visual Cortex
Katzner, S., Nauhaus, I., Benucci, A., Bonin, V., Ringach, D. L., & Carandini, M. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.016 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Spike-Phase Coding Boosts and Stabilizes Information Carried by Spatial and Temporal Spike Patterns
Kayser, C., Montemurro, M. A., Logothetis, N. K., & Panzeri, S. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.008 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
A framework for local cortical oscillation patterns
Donner, T. H., & Siegel, M. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.007 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Correcting for the Sampling Bias Problem in Spike Train Information Measures
Panzeri, S., Senatore, R., Montemurro, M. A., & Petersen, R. S. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00559.2007 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Subretinal visual implant alpha IMS - clinical trial interim report
Stingl, K., Bartz-Schmidt, K. U., Besch, D., Chee, C. K., Cottriall, C. L., Gekeler, F., Groppe, M., Jackson, T. L., MacLaren, R. E., Koitschev, A., et al. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.03.001 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Long-term asynchronous decoding of arm motion using electrocorticographic signals in monkey
Chao (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2010.00003 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
First-in-human trial of a novel suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis
Ayton, L. N., Blamey, P. J., Guymer, R. H., Luu, C. D., Nayagam, D. A. X., Sinclair, N. C., Shivdasani, M. N., Yeoh, J., McCombe, M. F., Briggs, R. J., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115239 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) controlled by local field potential oscillations
Priori, A., Foffani, G., Rossi, L., & Marceglia, S. R. F. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.013 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
What does gamma coherence tell us about inter-regional neural communication?
Buzsáki, G., & Schomburg, E. W. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3952 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Nonparametric statistical testing of coherence differences
Maris, E., Schoffelen, J., & Fries, P. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.02.011 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Long-Term Results from an Epiretinal Prosthesis to Restore Sight to the Blind
Ho, A. C., Humayun, M. S., Dorn, J. D., da Cruz, L., Dagnelie, G., Handa, J. T., Barale, P. O., Sahel, J., Stanga, P. E., Hafezi, F., et al. (2015) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.032 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Spatial Spread of the Local Field Potential and its Laminar Variation in Visual Cortex
Xing, D., Yeh, C.-I., & Shapley, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2573-09.2009 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Fujikado, T., Kamei, M., Sakaguchi, H., Kanda, H., Morimoto, T., Ikuno, Y., Nishida, K., Kishima, H., Maruo, T., Konoma, K., et al. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6836 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
A review on directional information in neural signals for brain-machine interfaces
Waldert, S., Tobias Pistohl, A., Braun, C., Tonio Ball, A., Aertsen, A., & Mehring, C. (2009) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2009.08.007 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The Spiking Component of Oscillatory Extracellular Potentials in the Rat Hippocampus
Schomburg, E. W., Anastassiou, C. A., Buzsáki, G., & Koch, C. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0656-12.2012 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Accurate decoding of reaching movements from field potentials in the absence of spikes
Flint, R. D., Lindberg, E. W., Jordan, L. R., Miller, L. E., & Slutzky, M. W. (2012) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/9/4/046006 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Fighting Blindness with Microelectronics
Zrenner, E. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007399 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Gamma-phase shifting in awake monkey visual cortex
Vinck, M., Lima, B., Womelsdorf, T., Oostenveld, R., Singer, W., Neuenschwander, S., & Fries, P. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1623-09.2010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Flint, R. D., Wright, Z. A., Scheid, M. R., & Slutzky, M. W. (2013) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056005 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Dorn, J. D., Ahuja, A. K., Caspi, A., da Cruz, L., Dagnelie, G., Sahel, J.-A., Greenberg, R. J., McMahon, M. J., & Argus II Study Group, F. T. (2013) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/2013.jamaophthalmol.221 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Wilke, R., Gabel, V.-P., Sachs, H., Bartz Schmidt, K.-U., Gekeler, F., Besch, D., Szurman, P., Stett, A., Wilhelm, B., Peters, T., et al. (2011) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6946 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Fujikado, T., Morimoto, T., Kanda, H., Kusaka, S., Nakauchi, K., Ozawa, M., Matsushita, K., Sakaguchi, H., Ikuno, Y., Kamei, M., et al. (2007) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-007-0563-z · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Coding of Natural Scenes in Primary Visual Cortex
Weliky, M., Fiser, J., Hunt, R. H., & Wagner, D. N. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00022-9 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Responses to Natural Scenes in Cat V1
Kayser, C., Salazar, R. F., & Peter König, B. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00195.2003 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Optimizing the Decoding of Movement Goals from Local Field Potentials in Macaque Cortex
Markowitz, D. A., Wong, Y. T., Gray, C. M., & Pesaran, B. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4165-11.2011 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationFocal activation of the feline retina via a suprachoroidal electrode array
Wong, Y. T., Chen, S. C., Seo, J. M., Morley, J. W., Lovell, N. H., & Suaning, G. J. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.02.018 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Spatially patterned electrical stimulation to enhance resolution of retinal prostheses
Jepson, L. H., Hottowy, P., Mathieson, K., Gunning, D. E., Dąbrowski, W., Litke, A. M., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2882-13.2014 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Visual resolution with retinal implants estimated from recordings in cat visual cortex
Eckhorn, R., Wilms, M., Schanze, T., Eger, M., Hesse, L., Eysel, U. T., Kisvárday, Z. F., Zrenner, E., Gekeler, F., Schwahn, H., et al. (2006) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.01.034 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Transretinal electrical stimulation by an intrascleral multichannel electrode array in rabbit eyes
Nakauchi, K., Fujikado, T., Kanda, H., Morimoto, T., Choi, J., Ikuno, Y., Sakaguchi, H., Kamei, M., Ohji, M., Yagi, T., et al. (2004) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-004-1060-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cortical Activation Via an Implanted Wireless Retinal Prosthesis
Walter, P., ́rday, Z. ́. F. K., Görtz, M., Alteheld, N., Rößler, G., Stieglitz, T., & Eysel, U. T. (2005) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0924 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Transretinal Electrical Stimulation with a Suprachoroidal Multichannel Electrode in Rabbit Eyes
Sakaguchi, H., Fujikado, T., Fang, X., Kanda, H., Osanai, M., Nakauchi, K., Ikuno, Y., Kamei, M., Yagi, T., Nishimura, S., et al. (2004) · Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10384-004-0055-1 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Perceptual Thresholds in a Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis
Shivdasani, M. N., Sinclair, N. C., Dimitrov, P. N., Varsamidis, M., Ayton, L. N., Luu, C. D., Perera, T., McDermott, H. J., & Blamey, P. J. (2014) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14396 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
High-Fidelity Reproduction of Spatiotemporal Visual Signals for Retinal Prosthesis
Jepson, L. H., Hottowy, P., Weiner, G., Dąbrowski, W., Litke, A. M., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.044 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Virtual electrodes by current steering in retinal prostheses
Dumm, G., Fallon, J. B., Williams, C. E., & Shivdasani, M. N. (2014) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15391 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Saunders, A. L., Williams, C. E., Heriot, W. J., Briggs, R., Yeoh, J., Nayagam, D. A. X., McCombe, M. F., Villalobos, J., Burns, O., Luu, C. D., et al. (2013) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.12287 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Activation zones in cat visual cortex evoked by electrical retina stimulation
Schanze, T., Wilms, M., Eger, M., Hesse, L., & Eckhorn, R. (2002) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-002-0577-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cicione, R., Fallon, J. B., Rathbone, G. D., Williams, C. E., & Shivdasani, M. N. (2014) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14754 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Assessing the efficacy of visual prostheses by decoding ms-LFPs: application to retinal implants
Cottaris, N. P., & Elfar, S. D. (2009) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/6/2/026007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rosenfeld, J. V., Wong, Y. T., Yan, E., Szlawski, J., Mohan, A., Clark, J. C., Rosa, M., & Lowery, A. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab9e1c · Cited by 35 · see citing works
CMOS stimulating chips capable of wirelessly driving 473 electrodes for a cortical vision prosthesis
Wong, Y. T., Feleppa, T., Mohan, A., Browne, D., Szlawski, J., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Lowery, A. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab021b · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Microstimulation-evoked neural responses in visual cortex are depth dependent
Allison-Walker, T., Hagan, M. A., Price, N. S. C., & Wong, Y. T. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.04.020 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Intracortical current steering shifts the location of evoked neural activity
Meikle, S. J., Hagan, M. A., Price, N. S. C., & Wong, Y. T. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac77bf · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wong, Y. T., Ahnood, A., Maturana, M. I., Kentler, W. G., Ganesan, K., Grayden, D. B., Hamish Meffin, A., Prawer, S., Ibbotson, M. R., & Burkitt, A. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00085 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Borda, E., Gaillet, V., Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., Zollinger, E. G., Moreira, R. C., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6d7e · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gaillet, V., Borda, E., Zollinger, E. G., & Ghezzi, D. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abf523 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Peripheral Nerve Activation Evokes Machine-Learnable Signals in the Dorsal Column Nuclei
Loutit, A. J., Shivdasani, M. N., Maddess, T., Redmond, S. J., Morley, J. W., Stuart, G. J., Birznieks, I., Vickery, R. M., & Potas, J. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2019.00011 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Loutit, A. J., & Potas, J. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2020.00046 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mao, D., Innes-Brown, H., Petoe, M. A., McKay, C. M., & Wong, Y. T. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac02db · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Miyoshi, T., Morimoto, T., Sawai, H., & Fujikado, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.717429 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xie, H., Shek, C. H., Wang, Y. H., & Chan, L. L.-H. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856829 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xie, H., Ye, Z., & Chan, L. L. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08657-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Borda, E., Gaillet, V., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., Zollinger, E. G., Moreira, R. C., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485100
Time-Varying Mutual Information Analysis of Evoked in Vivo Local Field Potentials in Rodents
Li, X., Reddy, J. W., Jain, V., Forssell, M., Grover, P., & Chamanzar, M. (2023) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123744
The journey of an Australian retinal prosthesis
Abbott, C. J., Nayagam, D. A. X., Petoe, M. A., Ayton, L. N., Barnes, N., Williams, R. A., Luu, C. D., Shivdasani, M. N., Shepherd, R. K., & Allen, P. J. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36643-7.00025-1
- Authors
- Wong, Y. T., Halupka, K., Kameneva, T., Cloherty, S. L., Grayden, D. B., Burkitt, A. N., Meffin, H., & Shivdasani, M. N.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Bionics Institute (AU)
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton, VIC 3053,
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Yan T
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2016-03-30
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 036003
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- OpenAlex
- W2330926819
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP140104533)
- Special Research Initiative (SRI) in Bionic Vision Science and Technology awarded to Bionic Vision Australia (SR1000005)
- National Health and Medical Research Council Australia (GNT1063093)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- local field potentials, visual cortex, neural prostheses, gamma band, spectral distribution, frequency response, linear decoder, information rate, feline model, neural feedback
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Cats, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Membrane Potentials, Microelectrodes, Prosthesis Design, Visual Cortex, Visual Prosthesis, Neural Prostheses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
