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Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages
Open accessAbstract
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide guide-posts to society as it attempts to respond to an array of pressing challenges. One of these challenges is energy; thus, the SDGs have become paramount for energy policy-making. Yet, while governments throughout the world have already declared the SDGs to be 'integrated and indivisible', there are still knowledge gaps surrounding how the interactions between the energy SDG targets and those of the non-energy-focused SDGs might play out in different contexts. In this review, we report on a large-scale assessment of the relevant energy literature, which we conducted to better our understanding of key energy-related interactions between SDGs, as well as their context-dependencies (relating to time, geography, governance, technology, and directionality). By (i) evaluating the nature and strength of the interactions identified, (ii) indicating the robustness of the evidence base, the agreement of that evidence, and our confidence in it, and (iii) highlighting critical areas where better understanding is needed or context dependencies should be considered, our review points to potential ways forward for both the policy making and scientific communities. First, we find that positive interactions between the SDGs outweigh the negative ones, both in number and magnitude. Second, of relevance for the scientific community, in order to fill knowledge gaps in critical areas, there is an urgent need for interdisciplinary research geared toward developing new data, scientific tools, and fresh perspectives. Third, of relevance for policy-making, wider efforts to promote policy coherence and integrated assessments are required to address potential policy spillovers across sectors, sustainability domains, and geographic and temporal boundaries. The task of conducting comprehensive science-to-policy assessments covering all SDGs, such as for the UN's Global Sustainable Development Report , remains manageable pending the availability of systematic reviews focusing on a limited number of SDG dimensions in each case.
Overview
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TL;DR
This review assesses the literature on interactions between SDG7 energy targets and the non-energy SDGs, scoring 107 targets with a seven-point interaction scale and an IPCC-style confidence assessment. It finds that positive interactions outweigh negative ones in number and magnitude, while highlighting context dependencies and knowledge gaps, especially for SDG2, SDG4, SDG5, SDG8, SDG9, SDG10, SDG14, and SDG15.
Key findings
- Positive interactions between SDG7 (Energy) and the other SDGs clearly outweigh negative ones, both in number and magnitude (figure 2).
- The review reports high or very high confidence for positive energy-related interactions with SDG1, SDG3, SDG6, SDG11, SDG12, SDG13, and SDG16; lower agreement and confidence remain for SDG8 and SDG14, among others. For example, air-pollution benefits under SDG3 are scored [+2] with robust evidence, high agreement, and very high confidence, while bioenergy competition with food and water under SDG2/SDG6 is scored [-1,+1] with medium confidence.
- The two-stage literature review identified more than 170 studies through expert identification; systematic Scopus queries yielded 823 results, from which 100 full manuscripts were reviewed and 53 were classified as “definitely relevant.” The scoring exercise covered 107 individual targets: three for SDG7 and 104 others.
- Interactions are context-dependent along time, geography, governance, technology, and directionality; for instance, energy access may enable education, employment, and health, but reverse-direction effects are not guaranteed.
Methods
- Two-stage literature review: first, expert identification of more than 170 studies; second, systematic keyword searches in Scopus using 15 unique queries, one for each SDG other than SDG7 and SDG17, run between 13 and 24 November 2017.
- Abstract review reduced 823 results to 100 “potentially relevant” papers; full-manuscript review reduced these to 53 “definitely relevant” studies included alongside expert-identified studies.
- Interactions were scored at the SDG target level using the Nilsson et al (2016) seven-point scale, with evidence robustness (limited/medium/robust), agreement (low/medium/high), and confidence (very low to very high) assessed following IPCC AR5 uncertainty guidance and internal expert elicitation among subsets of authors.
Limitations
- Stated: systematic database queries alone are insufficient and risk missing seminal gray literature, IPCC assessments, and the Global Energy Assessment; expert elicitation is needed to capture such sources.
- Stated: no explicit or quantitative weights were given to papers; weighting was implicit/qualitative, and evidence, agreement, and confidence assessments relied on author judgment.
- Stated: uncertainty remains for some interactions because of context dependencies and less mature quantitative tools; no energy systems or integrated assessment models capture feedback effects between educational attainment and renewables, efficiency, and energy access endogenously. Evident from the text: the review is an expert-scored synthesis rather than a formal meta-analysis, and figure 2 shows only one positive or negative score per SDG, which can mask target-level variation.
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In the paper
“Yet, some linkages, notably between the energy and 'non-energy' SDGs, are still not well understood”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Introduction
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In the paper
“this, in turn, can help to reduce the exposure of the world's poor to climate-related extreme events”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
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In the paper
“An up-scaling of renewables and energy efficiency will, in most instances, reinforce targets related to water access, scarcity and management, for example by lowering water demands for thermal cooling at energy producƟon faciliƟes ('water-for-energy') compared to less-efficient fossil energy technologies.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parkinson et al. (2016)
- Not checked yetcites Strbac (2008)
- Not checked yetcites Yillia (2016)
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In the paper
“However, bioenergy and hydropower technologies could, if not managed properly, have counteracƟng effects that compound exisƟng water-related problems in a given locale.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parkinson et al. (2016)
- Not checked yetcites Strbac (2008)
- Not checked yetcites Yillia (2016)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of interactions between the SDG7 (energy) targets and those of the other SDGs are either uni-directional (i.e. an impact of SDG7 on the others, or vice-versa) or they are bi-directional (simultaneously impacting one another, though often not in complete symmetry).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Context-dependencies and the nature of SDG interactions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased shiŌs toward unconvenƟonal water supply opƟons, such as desalinaƟon, in the world's water-stressed regions will generally increase energy demand.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parkinson et al. (2016)
- Not checked yetcites Strbac (2008)
- Not checked yetcites Yillia (2016)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these, we are able to conclude with 'high' or 'very high' confidence how those interactions are likely to play out in the future in various contexts.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
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In the paper
“Deploying renewables and energy-efficient technologies, when combined with other targeted monetary and fiscal policies, can help spur innovaƟon and reinforce local, regional, and naƟonal industrial and employment objecƟves.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cass et al. (2010)
- Not checked yetcites Cumbers (2012) source
- Not checked yetcites Kunze and Becker (2015)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gross employment effects seem likely to be posiƟve; however, uncertainty remains regarding the net employment effects due to several uncertainƟes surrounding macro-economic feedback loops playing out at the global level.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cass et al. (2010)
- Not checked yetcites Cumbers (2012) source
- Not checked yetcites Kunze and Becker (2015)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gross employment effects seem likely to be posiƟve; however, uncertainty remains regarding the net employment effects due to several uncertainƟes surrounding macro-economic feedback loops playing out at the global level.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cass et al. (2010)
- Not checked yetcites Cumbers (2012) source
- Not checked yetcites Kunze and Becker (2015)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 62
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
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In the paper
“Overall health effects will depend on the severity of the injuries”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'AcƟve travel modes' (such as walking and cycling) represent strategies not only for boosƟng energy efficiency but also, potenƟally, for improving health and wellbeing (e.g., lowering rates of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, demenƟa, and some cancers).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“single interactions scores for clusters of SDG targets are generally the norm; though, in some cases ranges are given.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deployment of renewable energy and improvements in energy efficiency globally will aid climate change miƟgaƟon efforts”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enhanced agricultural producƟviƟes and integrated resource management can ameliorate the situaƟon by allowing as much bioenergy to be produced on as liƩle land as possible.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PromoƟng most types of renewables and boosƟng efficiency greatly aid the achievement of targets to reduce local air polluƟon and improve air quality; however, the order of magnitude of the effects, both in terms of avoided emissions and monetary valuaƟon, varies significantly between different parts of the world.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If not implemented thoughƞully, this could lead to higher food prices globally, and thus reduced access to affordable food for the poor.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a risk associated with these measures is that they could increase rates of road traffic accidents, if the provided infrastructure is unsaƟsfactory.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“Thirdand fourth-generaƟon biofuels (e.g., algae) may have lower agricultural market impacts, since they can uƟlize land that is otherwise unsuitable for food”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Benefits would especially accrue to those living in the dense urban centers of rapidly developing countries.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“UƟlizaƟon of biomass and biofuels might not lead to any air polluƟon benefits, however, depending on the control measures applied.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we find that positive interactions between the SDGs outweigh the negative ones, both in number and magnitude.”
- Also stated in: § Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets · boosted
“positive interactions between SDG7 (Energy) and the other SDGs clearly outweigh the negative ones, both in number and magnitude.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets · boosted
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An example of the former is energy access provision (Target 7.1), which the literature suggests is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for delivering the types of services fundamental to escaping the poverty trap: education (SDG4), employment (SDG8), and quality healthcare (SDG3).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Context-dependencies and the nature of SDG interactions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Concentrated solar power tends to be installed in locaƟons with ample sunshine, and these areas are oŌen the same ones under water stress.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parkinson et al. (2016)
- Not checked yetcites Strbac (2008)
- Not checked yetcites Yillia (2016)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature is robust in this area (i.e.relatively expansive with numerous high-quality studies), and scientific agreement is high regarding the positive impacts.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, there appears to be considerable agreement within the existing scientific evidence base that ensuring universal energy access to the poor, deploying most types of renewables at scale and/or boosting energy efficiency efforts will have positive impacts on-or, conversely, will be aided by-the targets for achieving poverty alleviation (SDG1), better human health (SDG3), greater”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We therefore assign a 'very high' level of confidence to the nature of this interaction and give it a score of [+2] ('reinforcing') (see table 2).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature in this area is, at present, less consistent: while there is agreement about the potentially negative impacts (and the need for policy packages that minimize or avoid these impacts), there is also contradicting evidence in specific contexts.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We therefore assign a 'medium' level of confidence to the nature of this interaction and give it a”
- Also stated in: § Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets · plain
“score of [-1, +1] ('constraining' to 'enabling').”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are several reasons why uncertainty remains for some of the interactions highlighted in table 2.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to our analysis of the literature, an improved understanding is especially needed for how achievement of the SDG7 (Energy) targets interact with SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG4 (Quality Education), SDG5 (Gender Equality), SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG14 (Life below Water), and SDG15 (Life on Land).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, our analysis indicates that positive interactions between SDG7 (Energy) and the other SDGs clearly outweigh the negative ones, both in number and magnitude (figure 2).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“For instance, it is not entirely clear how a transition from a fossil-to a renewable-based energy system globally will affect the labor markets of individual countries and regions (SDG8) or will impact local-scale marine economies (SDG14).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To be sure, energy solutions along one SDG dimension could also impose risks of trade-offs, as highlighted in table 2.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the substitution of renewable energy for fossil fuels definitely results in lower carbon dioxide emissions”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'confidence' is linked to 'agreement', with 'evidence' playing a moderating role.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“varying grades of synergies and tradeoffs exist.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our efforts to involve multiple people in the search query definition and abstract and manuscript review exercises were geared to ensure consistency in literature selection across members of the team, as well as a decent level of reproducibility of our efforts by others in future efforts.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Selection of evidence featured in the review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the strength and nature of interactions can be locationspecific”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Selection of evidence featured in the review
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“providing electricity access to the poor makes it easier for pupils to study after dark”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“literature identification and selection proceeded along two routes, in line with commonly applied systematic review procedures (Cooper et al 2009, Ringquist 2013).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Selection of evidence featured in the review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cooper et al 2009
- Not checked yetcites Ringquist 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We followed an established approach in arriving at these evaluations, observing guidelines on the consistent treatment of uncertainties provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for its Fifth Assessment cycle (Mastrandrea et al 2011).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mastrandrea et al 2011
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The task of conducting comprehensive science-to-policy assessments covering all SDGs, such as for the UN's Global Sustainable Development Report, remains manageable pending the availability of systematic reviews focusing on a limited number of SDG dimensions in each case.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore furthers climate change mitigation goals”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our assessment of the literature goes beyond all of these aforementioned studies in important ways, thus filling a notable gap in the energy and sustainability literature.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The SDGs are relatively new as a framing concept.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These assessments are based on the authors' judgment, and we were able to arrive at them only after having taken stock of the relevant literature for each SDG dimension.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“does not guarantee they will actually study”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The general conversation on interactions between SDGs has until now been limited either to establishing the presence of a link or, at best, an identification of 'trade-offs' and 'synergies'.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Evaluating the nature of SDG interactions using established methodologies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If costs fall disproporƟonately on the poor, then this could work against the promoƟon of social, economic and poliƟcal equality for all.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Certain interactions play out in real time, whereas the impacts of others materialize only after significant time lags (e.g.energy infrastructure is long-lived; a unit of carbon released today will still have a global warming effect many decades from now).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Context-dependencies and the nature of SDG interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nilsson et al 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TransiƟoning to a more renewably-based energy system that is highly energy efficient is well alighed with the goal of upgrading energy infrastructure and making the energy industry more sustainable.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There may be a real trade-off between SDGs due to technological limitations; but when advanced technologies are deployed, the trade-offs may be suppressed, if not eliminated (e.g. the widespread deployment of electric vehicles could allow for growth in private mobility for the foreseeable future, but with lower impacts on human health, local ecosystems, and the global climate; replacing fossil”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Context-dependencies and the nature of SDG interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nilsson et al 2016
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providing universal access to modern energy services by 2030 is fully consistent with the Paris Agreement, as reaching this target will have only a minor effect on global carbon emissions.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upgrades to fossil energy infrastructure can help improve resource-use efficiency (e.g., reducing leaks from natural gas pipelines and fugiƟve emissions from coal, oil and gas extracƟon).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribuƟonal costs of new energy policies (e.g., supporƟng renewables and energy efficiency) are dependent on instrument design.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The interaction between two SDGs can be (i) unidirectional or bidirectional and (ii) symmetrical or asymmetrical (e.g. the relationship between large-scale utilization of bioenergy on the one hand and food security and the protection of terrestrial ecosystems on the other; see below for an elaboration of this dimension).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Context-dependencies and the nature of SDG interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nilsson et al 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are instances, however, where dis-benefits, or trade-offs, could emerge.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Considerations of time, geography, governance, technology, and directionality are particularly important in this regard (Nilsson et al 2016):”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Context-dependencies and the nature of SDG interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nilsson et al 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that, while not illustrated by this figure, some SDG linkages may involve more than simple two-way interactions (e.g. the energy-water-land 'nexus').”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cleaner air, in turn, means healthier populations that can more productively contribute to the economy.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MeeƟng the renewable energy and energy efficiency targets of SDG7 is a necessary, but not enƟrely sufficient, condiƟon for long-term temperature stabilizaƟon below 2 ° C.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Interactions between energy and non-energy SDGs and targets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(These impacts depend on where exactly factories and infrastructure are sited.)”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the recycling of carbon pricing revenues offers an opƟon to compensate poor households in the event energy prices rise.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cameron et al. (2016)
- Not checked yetcites Casillas and Kammen (2012)
- Not checked yetcites Fay et al. (2015)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“What is more, the availability of systematic reviews-like that performed in the current paperwill become a pre-condition for those conducting even more comprehensive scientific assessments on the SDGs going forward, such as the UN's 2019 Global Sustainable Development Report, currently being written (UN-GSDR 2017), which aims to simultaneously address all sustainable goal development goals and”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites UN-GSDR 2017
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Incidentally, the Chinese government already seems to realize this, with respect to the air quality improvements they aim to achieve as a result of their policies for phasing out fossil energy (Buckley 2013).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buckley 2013
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Modern energy access can also help to free up resources (e.g.Ɵme, money) for other producƟve uses.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Modern energy access is criƟcal to enhance agricultural yields/producƟvity, decrease post-harvest losses, and mechanize agri-processing -all of which can aid food security.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Asaduzzaman et al. (2010)
- Not checked yetcites Cabraal et al. (2005)
- Not checked yetcites Das (2017)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meaningful policy advice requires rigorous evaluation of policy alternatives (Edenhofer andMinx 2014, Edenhofer andKowarsch 2015)”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Edenhofer andMinx 2014
- Not checked yetcites Edenhofer andKowarsch 2015
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Thus, a better appreciation for how energy-focused climate change mitigation actions (SDG13) impact air pollutant emissions might ultimately incentivize even stronger energy-climate policies than if climate change were the only concern (see also Deng et al (2017)).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Deng et al (2017)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The act of synthesizing adequate scientific evidence for advising policy is both aided and hampered by, firstly, the recent explosion of accessible scientific information and, secondly, the sheer breadth of the SDG agenda, which spans a diverse array of scientific communities and disciplines (Le Blanc 2015, ICSU 2017, Minx et al 2017a).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Le Blanc 2015
- Not checked yetcites ICSU 2017
- Not checked yetcites Minx et al 2017a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difficulty materializes in particular when synergies and tradeoffs between different SDGs are considered, as we illustrate here in this manuscript.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And to be sure, even for the SDGs where fewer knowledge gaps exist, there may be sub-dimensions where additional research would be important.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“while Kowarsch et al (2017) suggest, for pragmatic reasons, to reduce dimensionality in scientific assessments, we recognize that this may not always be possible, depending on the scope of the assessment.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kowarsch et al (2017)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An example would be the impact of energy access provision on creating employment and educational opportunities for women (SDG5, SDG10): the effect could certainly be positive, but much depends on how rigid the cultural norms are within the prevailing society.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As long as comprehensive and credible reviews are available across the full swath of SDG dimensions, this task remains manageable.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the large number of dimensions covered by the SDGs poses an especially acute challenge for scientific assessments.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providing such support remains a challenge, however.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is more, because of their broad influence and active support to developing countries throughout the world, the international donor community along with non-governmental organizations have a potentially large role to play in helping countries shape policies that cut across sectors, disciplines and geographies.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integrated, holistic thinking on policy may also serve as a strong motivator for action along individual SDG dimensions.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the context-dependencies listed previously often make it difficult to draw generalizable conclusions about interactions that may ultimately depend on locally-specific factors.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for the scientific community
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systematic queries offer a complement to expert assessment just as much as expert assessment complements systematic queries.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only expert elicitation would be able to effectively capture the latter.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, having identified numerous interactions, it is clear that the 'silo approach' to policy-making, as traditionally applied in countries the world over, is no longer suitable as a mechanism for effecting systemic change.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, the Indian government is targeting energy access policies as a means to improve the health of the rural poor (Smith 2016).”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dealing with competing normative viewpoints also becomes highly challenging.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In these times of 'big literature', where it becomes impossible for researchers to comprehensively track and keep up with all the progress in their field at all times, the application of systematic review methodologies alongside 'big data' applications for research synthesis has become crucial for avoiding major selection biases in assessment exercises (Minx et al 2017a, 2017b, Nunez-Mir et al 201”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Minx et al 2017a
- Not checked yetcites Minx et al 2017b
- Not checked yetcites Nunez-Mir et al 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, failing these major pushes toward policy integration, the silo approach could persist indefinitely, and this would not serve the SDGs well, as the possibilities for achieving them would then be seriously compromised.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Insights relevant for policy-making
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Access to modern energy services has the potenƟal to empower women by improving their income-earning, entrepreneurial opportuniƟes, autonomy and reducing drudgery.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burney et al. (2017) source
- Not checked yetcites Chowdhury (2010)
- Not checked yetcites Clancy et al (2011)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cleaner cooking fuel and lighting access can reduce health risks and drudgery, which are disproporƟonately faced by women.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akter et al. (2017)
- Not checked yetcites Burney et al. (2017) source
- Not checked yetcites Anenberg et al. (2013)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Large-scale bioenergy producƟon could lead to the creaƟon of agricultural jobs, as well higher farm wages and more diversified income streams for farmers.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Balishter et al. (1991)
- Not checked yetcites Creutzig et al. (2013) source
- Not checked yetcites de Moraes et al. (2010)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The impacts of bioenergy deployment will need to be evaluated on a case-bycase basis, however.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fricko et al. (2016) source
- Not checked yetcites Haines et al. (2007)
- Not checked yetcites Miara et al. (2014)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ParƟcipaƟng in energy supply chains can increase women's opportuniƟes and agency and improve business outcomes.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burney et al. (2017) source
- Not checked yetcites Chowdhury (2010)
- Not checked yetcites Clancy et al (2011)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Improved access to electric lighƟng can improve women's safety and girls' school enrollment.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akter et al. (2017)
- Not checked yetcites Burney et al. (2017) source
- Not checked yetcites Anenberg et al. (2013)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whether sustainable growth, as an overarching concept, is aƩainable or not is more disputed in the literature.”
§ Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy inter-linkages > Discussion and concluding remarks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aether (2016)
- Not checked yetcites Babiker and Eckaus (2007)
- Not checked yetcites Bertram et al. (2015)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The SDGs are relatively new as a framing concept.
“Because the SDGs are relatively new as a framing concept, and perhaps also because they are so extensive in their reach, there have been few reviews of the SDG interactions literature to date.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Scopus is the largest database of peer-reviewed literature in existence and therefore provides a powerful tool for identifying such literature.
“Scopus is the largest database of peer-reviewed literature in existence and therefore provides a powerful tool for identifying such literature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SDGs are extensive in their reach.
“perhaps also because they are so extensive in their reach”
The paper relies on this without support.
Access to modern energy is necessary for schools to have quality lighting and thermal comfort, as well as modern information and communication technologies.
“Access to modern energy is necessary for schools to have quality lighƟng and thermal comfort, as well as modern informaƟon and communicaƟon technologies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Quality education throughout a society raises its general level of human capital, and this collection of knowledge and skills can be drawn upon to promote sustainable development.
“Quality educaƟon throughout a society (i.e., more and beƩer trained teachers) raises its general level of human capital.This collecƟon of knowledge and skills can then be drawn upon to promote sustainable development, potenƟally influencing the technological, financial, and poliƟcal soluƟons that are feasible to”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ensuring access to basic housing services implies that households have access to modern energy forms.
“Ensuring access to basic housing services implies that households have access to modern energy forms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Improving air quality and bettering human health are major concerns of local policy-makers in India and China.
“On the one hand, for instance, improving air quality and bettering human health (SDG3) are major concerns of local policy-makers in India and China.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has called on the international donor community and non-governmental organizations to help countries shape policies that cut across sectors, disciplines and geographies.
“In fact, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has called on these entities to do exactly that.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many regional and national institutions, both large and small, have begun using the 2030 Agenda as the focus of their actions for the next decades.
“Many regional and national institutions, both large and small, have begun using the 2030 Agenda as the focus of their actions for the next decades.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With the arrival of the UN's 2030 Agenda, the notion of integrated and holistic thinking has entered into the global policy discourse in a highly visible way.
“With the arrival of the UN's 2030 Agenda, the notion of integrated and holistic thinking has entered into the global policy discourse in a highly visible way.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Lastly, the development of circular economy principle-based systems, such as microalgae–bacteria consortia biorefineries, constitutes an option to reduce CO2 emissions within the framework of meeting the international COP21 Paris CO2 emission reduction commitments and UN Sustainable Development Goals [148].”
From Toward the Enhancement of Microalgal Metabolite Production through Microalgae–Bacteria Consortia (2021) · cites this paper as [148]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation
Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M. D., Wagner, N., & Gorini, R. (2019) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006 · Cited by 4,973
Mapping interactions between the sustainable development goals: lessons learned and ways forward
Nilsson, M., Chisholm, E., Griggs, D., Howden-Chapman, P., McCollum, D., Messerli, P., Neumann, B., Stevance, A.-S., Visbeck, M., & Stafford-Smith, M. (2018) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0604-z · Cited by 640
Self-citationGlobal exposure and vulnerability to multi-sector development and climate change hotspots
Byers, E., Gidden, M., Leclère, D., Balkovic, J., Burek, P., Ebi, K., Greve, P., Grey, D., Havlik, P., Hillers, A., et al. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabf45 · Cited by 295
Self-citationToward the Enhancement of Microalgal Metabolite Production through Microalgae–Bacteria Consortia
González-González, L. M., & de-Bashan, L. E. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10040282 · Cited by 133
Synergies and Trade-Offs in Reaching the Sustainable Development Goals
Hegre, H., Petrova, K., & von Uexkull, N. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208729 · Cited by 82
Metadata
- Authors
- McCollum, D. L., Echeverri, L. G., Busch, S., Pachauri, S., Parkinson, S., Rogelj, J., Krey, V., Minx, J. C., Nilsson, M., Stevance, A.-S., & Riahi, K.
- Affiliations
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Stockholm Environment Institute (SE)
- International Council for Science (FR)
- Corresponding author
- McCollum, David L
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Research Letters
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 033006
- ISSN
- 1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2617245930
- Semantic Scholar
- 7ba5c7797cbb241245713483c8ad997c0190a87c
- Cited by
- 448
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 18
- FWCI
- 87.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (acceptedVersion)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (642147)
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
- Keywords
- Sustainable Development Goals, SDG interactions, energy policy, policy coherence, integrated assessment, context sensitivity, interdisciplinary research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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