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The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies
Open accessAbstract
Online social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace are used by billions of people every day to communicate and interact with others. There has been increasing interest in the potential impact of online social networking on wellbeing, with a broadening body of new research into factors associated with both positive and negative mental health outcomes such as depression. This systematic review of empirical studies (n = 30) adds to existing research in this field by examining current quantitative studies focused on the relationship between online social networking and symptoms of depression. The academic databases PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched systematically using terms related to online social networking and depression. Reporting quality was critically appraised and the findings discussed with reference to their wider implications. The findings suggest that the relationship between online social networking and symptoms of depression may be complex and associated with multiple psychological, social, behavioral, and individual factors. Furthermore, the impact of online social networking on wellbeing may be both positive and negative, highlighting the need for future research to determine the impact of candidate mediators and moderators underlying these heterogeneous outcomes across evolving networks.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review of 30 quantitative studies found mixed evidence on the relationship between online social networking and depression, with most studies suggesting a complex relationship involving mediators and moderators. The authors conclude that how people use social networking sites and what they do online may matter more than frequency or duration alone.
Key findings
- Of 30 studies, 5 (16%) found a positive correlation between online social networking engagement and depressive symptoms, with small effect sizes (r = .15 to r = .26); 2 (6%) found a negative correlation (POR = 0.50, r = −.303); and 4 (13%) found no significant correlations.
- The majority suggested a complex relationship involving usage variables (frequency, quality, type of SNS use), individual differences (gender, personality), and social factors as candidate mediators or moderators; examples include positive correlations with negative interactions, Facebook addiction/intrusion, social comparison, and rumination, and negative correlations with Facebook social support satisfaction, positive social comparison, number of Facebook friends, and perceived connectedness.
- Reporting quality using STROBE ranged from 48% to 93%; sample size or power calculations were reported in only 5 of 30 studies, and funding sources in only 11 of 30.
- The review included 35,044 total participants across 14 countries, with participant age ranging from 15 to 88 years; 27 studies were cross-sectional and only 3 were longitudinal or had longitudinal components.
Methods
- Systematic review of empirical quantitative studies (n = 30) comparing measures of SNS use and depression; databases searched were PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, with searches completed in April 2016.
- Eligibility required a quantitative design comparing SNS use and depression; articles were not excluded by age, gender, publication date, or country, but were excluded if unavailable in English. Search terms included “online social network*,” “online social media,” “Facebook*,” “Twitter,” “MySpace,” and “depression.”
- Reporting quality was appraised with the STROBE tool for cross-sectional studies; findings were synthesized narratively, and no meta-analytic pooling is described.
Limitations
- The paper states that conceptualizing online social networking was challenging due to evolving platforms; there was a significant bias toward Facebook research, limiting generalisability across platforms; the high prevalence of cross-sectional studies prevents determination of causation; and reporting issues included limited discussion of bias, selection bias, social desirability, confounding, and self-report measurement bias.
- Evident from the text: only 3 of 30 studies were longitudinal or had longitudinal components, so causal direction remains unclear; the review was also restricted to quantitative English-language studies, excluding qualitative evidence by design.
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Claims the paper makes
24 Not checked yet · 14 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 8 No basis given · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Possible sources of bias and methodological efforts to minimise their effects were rarely discussed.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Quality of Reporting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sources of funding were reported in only 11 out of 30 studies.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Quality of Reporting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the findings were mixed.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Key Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive correlations were found between depression and negative social networking interactions, 34,39,40”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of studies suggested a complex relationship between online social networking and depression involving factors that may mediate or moderate this relationship, helping to explain the variability of findings.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thirteen percent (n = 4) found no significant correlations between online social networking and symptoms of depression.10,20,24,38”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
What the sources say
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, details of study design and methods such as the point in time, setting, and eligibility criteria were typically implied but not explicitly reported.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Quality of Reporting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“although conversely one study found a negative correlation between depression and addictive SNS use.30”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clear information about sample size e.g.power calculations were reported in only 5 out of 30 studies.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Quality of Reporting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whilst some studies reported analyses used to control for confounding variables”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ! 13
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total number of participants across all reviewed studies was 35,044.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Study Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Six percent (n = 2) found a negative correlation (POR= 0.50, r=-.303), which authors argue may be a result of low motivation to engage in online social networking or of SNS use providing a coping tool to protect against mental health difficulties.22,33”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In relation to type of online social networking behaviour, positive correlations were found between Facebook impression management, 32 envy triggered by Facebook surveillance, 31 accepting former partners' invitations to become Facebook friends, 45 producing more content or engaging in greater interactive communication on Facebook, 46 social comparison with others, 39,47 and frequent negative”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This systematic review of empirical studies (n = 30) adds to existing research in this field by examining current quantitative studies focused on the relationship between online social networking and symptoms of depression.”
- Also stated in: § Study Characteristics · plain
“Table 1 provides an overview of the characteristics of the studies meeting the criteria of the review (n = 30).”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Abstract
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Study Characteristics · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These factors can be categorised”
- Also stated in: § ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7 · plain
“usage variables”
- Also stated in: § ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7 · hedged
“Individual differences and social factors were also found to be candidate mediators or moderators.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7 · plain
In the paper
“The quality of reporting based on the STROBE tool for cross-sectional studies ranged from 48% to 93%.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Quality of Reporting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The STROBE percentage score is a valid indicator of reporting quality for the reviewed studies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research was identified from 14 countries including the Philippines, 20,21 Turkey, 22,23 Serbia, 24,25 Australia, 26 Greece, 27 and Korea, 28 reflecting the global nature of the phenomenon under study.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Study Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty seven studies were cross-sectional in design and only three were longitudinal or had longitudinal components.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Study Characteristics
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“positive correlations were found between depression and Facebook addiction or pathological SNS use, 23,42,43 and Facebook intrusion, 44”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“negative correlations were found between depression and Facebook social support satisfaction, 36 positive social comparison, 41 number of Facebook friends, 32 and perceived Facebook social connectedness.26”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven studies used only correlational analyses and 23 included regression analyses.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Study Characteristics
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In total, 16% of the studies (n = 5) found a positive correlation between engagement in online social networking and pres-”
- Also stated in: § ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7 · plain
“reflecting small effect sizes (correlations ranged between r=.15 to r=.26).21,25,27,36,37”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Key Findings
What the sources say
plaincorrelationaln = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7 · plain
In the paper
“For example, Giota & Kleftaras 27 found that participants higher in neuroticism had significantly higher levels of problematic SNS use and exhibited more depressive symptoms than those who scored lower on measures of neuroticism.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 8
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, negative correlations were found between depression and location tagging, 28 and frequent posting of positive Facebook status updates leading to reduced rumination.48”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 7
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review identified a significant bias towards research into Facebook over other platforms, which, whilst not necessarily surprising given its user-base and media interest, could limit generalisability of findings across platforms.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender and personality were also found to influence the relationship between online social networking and depression, 27,34,35,45,47 highlighting the role of individual differences alongside usage variables cited above.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 8
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indirect social factors such as place of residence were also found to influence problematic social network use, which in turn correlated with depression.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 8
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The fact that negative comparison with others when using Facebook was found to predict depression via increased rumination even when a general tendency to engage in social comparison offline was controlled for 39 suggests that the effect of social comparison on Facebook is inherently different and may be more detrimental to psychological wellbeing than social comparison in real life.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! 9
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“cross-sectional designs have been criticised for an over-assumption on the idea that variables remain stable over time and for failing to address chronological variability, leading to biased estimates and incorrect inferences, 58”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whilst the concept of”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ! 14
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence suggests that the ways in which people use online social networking and the meanings they make of their interactions are likely to be important determinants of depression, or vice versa.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“To assess the quality of reporting, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement tool for cross-sectional studies 19 was used.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Appraisal of Reporting Quality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results reviewed here also suggest that the impact of online social networking may be both positive and negative.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as the functionality and nature of SNSs is in constant change, generalisability about the relationship between depression and previous networks such as MySpace to newer networks such as Instagram or Twitter needs further empirical consideration.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ! 14
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The functionality and nature of social networking sites is constantly changing.
In the paper
“Self-report measures may also be sensitive to culture, with participants of Asian heritage potentially responding differently to participants of European heritage, 61 further compromising the reliability of research findings.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ! 13
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where lower quality of reporting was identified, less weight can be attributed to authors' conclusions.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > !
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, due to the cultural heterogeneity of research samples and potential issues of sampling, validity and generalisability should also be treated with caution.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ! 13
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the findings suggest that for some people online social networking may be associated with increased symptoms of depression whilst for others the activity may be beneficial.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ! 14
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between online social networking and depression appears to have complex influences and suggestions of a unidirectional causal link are likely to fall down under scrutiny.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > !
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The academic databases PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched systematically using terms related to online social networking and depression.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“due to the wide scope of research, findings are potentially representative of and relevant to a wide range of populations.”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > ! 13
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The findings of the included studies are reliable enough to support the review's synthesis.
“All studies were interested in the relationship between depression and online social networking but some focused on specific variables such as time spent engaged in social networking, e.g.34 social networking features such as the number of Facebook friends, e.g.21 the frequency of social networking behaviours such as the number of self-portrait photographs shared on Facebook, e.g.24 or the impact”
The paper relies on this without support.
The STROBE percentage score is a valid indicator of reporting quality for the reviewed studies.
“Studies were scored on relevant items and assigned an overall percentage to indicate an appraisal of the reporting quality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Depression is influenced by many variables.
“Depression was shown to be influenced by a large number of variables”
The paper relies on this without support.
The functionality and nature of social networking sites is constantly changing.
“as the functionality and nature of SNSs is in constant change”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“other research has shown that social media can benefit individuals through a number of different avenues such as teaching and developing socialization skills, allowing greater communication and access to a greater wealth of resources, and helping with connection and belonging (American Psychological Association 2011; Baker and Algorta 2016; Marker et al. 2018).”
From The future of social media in marketing (2020) · cites this paper as Baker and Algorta 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Conclusions were consistent with those summarized for the adolescent populations above in that cross-sectional research designs, retrospective reporting of symptoms and digital technology usage, and small and mixed patterns of associations were the norm and often limiting factors in drawing reliable conclusions in this area (Baker & Algorta, 2016; Seabrook et al., 2016).”
From Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. (2020) · cites this paper as Baker & Algorta, 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A limitation of our study is that we measured overall time spent on social media; prior studies [30][31][32] have found that social media use may be positively or negatively associated with mental health depending on which platforms are used and how.”
From Associations Between Time Spent Using Social Media and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among US Youth. (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“In total, 16% of the studies (n = 5) found a positive correlation”
§ The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING AND DEPRESSION ! > Key Findings
Reported 16 · recomputed 16.666667
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851 · Cited by 1,909
“…systematic reviews included more studies since they have either focussed on a heterogeneous population including children, adolescents and adults (Baker & Algorta, 2016; Marino et al., 2018; Seabrook et al., 2016) or focussed on general mental well-being including both clinical outcomes and…”
BackgroundThe future of social media in marketing
Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1 · Cited by 1,893
“…through a number of different avenues such as teaching and developing socialization skills, allowing greater communication and access to a greater wealth of resources, and helping with connection and belonging (American Psychological Association 2011; Baker and Algorta 2016; Marker et al. 2018).”
BackgroundBorghouts, J., Eikey, E., Mark, G., De Leon, C., Schueller, S. M., Schneider, M., Stadnick, N., Zheng, K., Mukamel, D., & Sorkin, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24387 · Cited by 1,069
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189
“…above in that cross-sectional research designs, retrospective reporting of symptoms and digital technology usage, and small and mixed patterns of associations were the norm and often limiting factors in drawing reliable conclusions in this area (Baker & Algorta, 2016; Seabrook et al., 2016).”
Oberst, U., Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., Brand, M., & Chamarro, A. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008 · Cited by 894
“More specifically, a systematic review of quantitative studies revealed that the relationship between online social networking and depressive symptoms is highly complex, and the impact of online social networking onwellbeing can be both positive and negative (Baker & Algorta, 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, D. A., & Algorta, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
- ORCID
- Baker, David A.
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 638-648
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W2531561814
- Semantic Scholar
- 812f8d91109038313abddeef624b6bbff0d39828
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.lancs.ac.uk
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- online social networking, depression, depressive symptoms, Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, mental health, well-being, social media use, mediators and moderators
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Humans, Social Networking, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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