Safety and Glycemic Outcomes During the MiniMed™ Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Pivotal Trial in Adolescents and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

Carlson, Anders L.; Sherr, Jennifer L.; Shulman, Dorothy I.; Garg, Satish K.; Pop-Busui, Rodica; Bode, Bruce W.; Lilenquist, David R.; Brazg, Ron L.; Kaiserman, Kevin B.; Kipnes, Mark S.; Thrasher, James R.; Reed, John H. Chip; Slover, Robert H.; Philis-Tsimikas, Athena; Christiansen, Mark; Grosman, Benyamin; Roy, Anirban; Vella, Melissa; Jonkers, Richard A.M.; Chen, Xiaoxiao; Shin, John; Cordero, Toni L.; Lee, Scott W.; Rhinehart, Andrew S.; Vigersky, Robert A.; for the MiniMed™ AHCL Study Group

doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0319

Cited by 230Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and EducationDiabetes and associated disorders

Safety and Glycemic Outcomes During the MiniMed™ Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Pivotal Trial in Adolescents and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

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Carlson, Anders L., Sherr, Jennifer L., Shulman, Dorothy I., Garg, Satish K., Pop-Busui, Rodica, Bode, Bruce W., Lilenquist, David R., Brazg, Ron L. +18 more·2022·Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics

DOI 10.1089/dia.2021.0319PMC PMC8971997

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Abstract

Introduction: This trial assessed safety and effectiveness of an advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system with automated basal (Auto Basal) and automated bolus correction (Auto Correction) in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Materials and Methods: This multicenter single-arm study involved an intent-to-treat population of 157 individuals (39 adolescents aged 14–21 years and 118 adults aged ≥22–75 years) with T1D. Study participants used the MiniMed™ AHCL system during a baseline run-in period in which sensor-augmented pump +/− predictive low glucose management or Auto Basal was enabled for ∼14 days. Thereafter, Auto Basal and Auto Correction were enabled for a study phase (∼90 days), with glucose target set to 100 or 120 mg/dL for ∼45 days, followed by the other target for ∼45 days. Study endpoints included safety events and change in mean A1C, time in range (TIR, 70–180 mg/dL) and time below range (TBR, <70 mg/dL). Run-in and study phase values were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test or paired t -test. Results: Overall group time spent in closed loop averaged 94.9% ± 5.4% and involved only 1.2 ± 0.8 exits per week. Compared with run-in, AHCL reduced A1C from 7.5% ± 0.8% to 7.0% ± 0.5% (<0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, n = 155), TIR increased from 68.8% ± 10.5% to 74.5% ± 6.9% (<0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), and TBR reduced from 3.3% ± 2.9% to 2.3% ± 1.7% (<0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Similar benefits to glycemia were observed for each age group and were more pronounced for the nighttime (12 AM–6 AM). The 100 mg/dL target increased TIR to 75.4% ( n = 155), which was further optimized at a lower active insulin time (AIT) setting (i.e., 2 h), without increasing TBR. There were no severe hypoglycemic or diabetic ketoacidosis events during the study phase. Conclusions: These findings show that the MiniMed AHCL system is safe and allows for achievement of recommended glycemic targets in adolescents and adults with T1D. Adjustments in target and AIT settings may further optimize glycemia and improve user experience. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT03959423.

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This finding supports previous studies demonstrating a correlation of percent time in range with more aggressive correction targets.
“This finding supports previous studies demonstrating a correlation of %TIR with more aggressive correction targets.19 20”
From Clinical utility of the twiist Automated Insulin Delivery System: first study with twiist (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
Carlson et al reported no diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia events in a cohort of 39 adolescents and 118 adults using the MiniMed 780G system over a 3-month observation period.
“Carlson et al reported no DKA or severe hypoglycemia events in a cohort of 39 adolescents and 118 adults using the MiniMed 780G system over a 3-month observation period.19”
From Clinical utility of the twiist Automated Insulin Delivery System: first study with twiist (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
Safety outcomes are comparable to other short-duration AID studies.
“Our results also showed safety outcomes that are comparable to other short-duration AID studies, showing no DKA or severe hypoglycemia events and very little time spent in level 1 and level 2 hypoglycemia.”
From Clinical utility of the twiist Automated Insulin Delivery System: first study with twiist (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

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Glucose and Psychosocial Outcomes 12 Months Following Transition from Multiple Daily Injections to Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Suboptimal Glycemia
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Safety and Glycemic Outcomes During the MiniMed TM Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Pivotal Trial in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
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Global Inequities in Diabetes Technology and Insulin Access and Glycemic Outcomes
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Benchmarking Diabetes Technology Use Among 21 U.S. Pediatric Diabetes Centers
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Glycemic Management Across the Lifespan for People With Type 1 Diabetes: A Clinical Practice Guideline
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Review of Automated Insulin Delivery Systems for Type 1 Diabetes and Associated Time in Range Outcomes
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Deep Reinforcement Learning for Automated Insulin Delivery Systems: Algorithms, Applications, and Prospects
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MiniMed 780G™ advanced hybrid closed-loop system performance in Egyptian patients with type 1 diabetes across different age groups: evidence from real-world users
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Impact of Missed and Late Meal Boluses on Glycemic Outcomes in Automated Insulin Delivery-Treated Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Two-Center, Population-Based Cohort Study
Laugesen, C., Ritschel, T., Ranjan, A. G., Hsu, L. J., Jørgensen, J. B., Svensson, J., Ekhlaspour, L., Buckingham, B. A., & Nørgaard, K. (2024) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2024.0022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Switching to an advanced hybrid closed-loop system in real-world practice improves hypoglycemia awareness and metabolic control in adults with type 1 diabetes, particularly in those with impaired perception of hypoglycemia symptoms
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Twelve‐month results of the ADAPT randomized controlled trial: Reproducibility and sustainability of advanced hybrid closed‐loop therapy outcomes versus conventional therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes
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Evidence from clinical trials on high-risk medical devices in children: a scoping review
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12-Month Real-Life Efficacy of the MiniMed 780G Advanced Closed-Loop System in Patients Living with Type 1 Diabetes: A French Observational, Retrospective, Multicentric Study
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When Sugar Reaches the Liver: Phenotypes of Patients with Diabetes and NAFLD
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Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes
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MiniMed 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Outcomes According to Pubertal Status: Awesome Study Group Real-Life Experience
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Safety and Glycemic Outcomes During the MiniMed TM Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Pivotal Trial in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Pihoker, C., Shulman, D. I., Forlenza, G. P., Kaiserman, K. B., Sherr, J. L., Thrasher, J. R., Buckingham, B. A., Kipnes, M. S., Bode, B. W., Carlson, A. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0255 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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A Comparison of Two Hybrid Closed-Loop Systems in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Multicenter Randomized Crossover TrialPreprint
Bergenstal, R. M., Nimri, R., Beck, R. W., Criego, A. B., Laffel, L. M., Schatz, D., Battelino, T., Danne, T., WEINZIMER, S. A., Sibayan, J., et al. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3696846
Self-citation

Authors: Carlson, A. L., Sherr, J. L., Shulman, D. I., Garg, S. K., Pop-Busui, R., Bode, B. W., Lilenquist, D. R., Brazg, R. L., Kaiserman, K. B., Kipnes, M. S., Thrasher, J. R., Reed, J. H. C., Slover, R. H., Philis-Tsimikas, A., Christiansen, M., Grosman, B., Roy, A., Vella, M., Jonkers, R. A. M., Chen, X., Shin, J., Cordero, T. L., Lee, S. W., Rhinehart, A. S., Vigersky, R. A., & for the MiniMed™ AHCL Study Group
Affiliations: HealthPartners (US)
Yale University (US)
University of South Florida (US)
Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Atlanta Diabetes Associates (US)
Rocky Mountain Diabetes and Osteoporosis Center, Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA.
Rainier Clinical Research Center, Renton, Washington, USA.
SoCal Diabetes, Torrance, California, USA.
Diabetes & Glandular Disease Clinic (US)
Arkansas Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
Endocrine Research Solutions (United States) (US)
Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Diablo Clinical Research (US)
Medtronic (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Carlson, Anders L.
ORCID: Carlson, Anders L.
Sherr, Jennifer L.
Shulman, Dorothy I.
Garg, Satish K.
Bode, Bruce W.
Kaiserman, Kevin B.
Grosman, Benyamin
Roy, Anirban
Chen, Xiaoxiao
Shin, John
Cordero, Toni L.
Vigersky, Robert A.
Venue: Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2022-03
Volume: 24
Issue: 3
Pages: 178-189
ISSN: 1520-9156 (ISSN-L)
1557-8593
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2021.0319
PMC: PMC8971997
OpenAlex: W3210094726
Cited by: 230
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 34
FWCI: 28.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK020572, P30DK045735, P30DK111022)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Keywords: type 1 diabetes, hybrid closed-loop system, glycemic control, HbA1c, time in range, time below range, sensor-augmented pump, adolescents, adults, clinical trial safety, glycemic outcomes
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Middle Aged, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Young Adult

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Safety and Glycemic Outcomes During the MiniMed™ Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Pivotal Trial in Adolescents and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

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