The bovine protein α-lactalbumin increases the plasma ratio of tryptophan to the other large neutral amino acids, and in vulnerable subjects raises brain serotonin activity, reduces cortisol concentration, and improves mood under stress
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Background Increased brain serotonin may improve the ability to cope with stress, whereas a decline in serotonin activity is involved in depressive mood. The uptake of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan, into the brain is dependent on nutrients that influence the cerebral availability of tryptophan via a change in the ratio of plasma tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids (Trp-LNAA ratio). Therefore, a diet-induced increase in tryptophan availability may increase brain serotonin synthesis and improve coping and mood, particularly in stress-vulnerable subjects.Objective We tested whether alpha-lactalbumin, a whey protein with a high tryptophan content, may increase the plasma Trp-LNAA ratio and reduce depressive mood and cortisol concentrations in stress-vulnerable subjects under acute stress.Design Twenty-nine highly stress-vulnerable subjects and 29 relatively stress-invulnerable subjects participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects were exposed to experimental stress after the intake of a diet enriched with either alpha-lactalbumin or sodium-caseinate. Diet-induced changes in the plasma Trp-LNAA ratio and prolactin were measured. Changes in mood, pulse rate, skin conductance, and cortisol concentrations were assessed before and after the stressor.Results The plasma Trp-LNAA ratio was 48% higher after the alpha-lactalbumin diet than after the casein diet (P = 0.0001). In stress-vulnerable subjects this was accompanied by higher prolactin concentrations (P = 0.001), a decrease in cortisol (P = 0.036), and reduced depressive feelings (P = 0.007) under stress.Conclusions Consumption of a dietary protein enriched in tryptophan increased the plasma Trp-LNAA ratio and, in stress-vulnerable subjects, improved coping ability, probably through alterations in brain serotonin.
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Ingestion of α-lactalbumin enriched whey protein significantly (p < 0.05) increased tryptophan:LNAA by 48% compared to a casein enriched diet.
“Ingestion of α-lactalbumin enriched whey protein, significantly (p < 0.05) increased tryptophan:LNAA by 48% compared to a casein enriched diet [54].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
The milk protein α-lactalbumin has the highest natural levels of tryptophan among all protein food sources.
“The milk protein, α-lactalbumin has been reported as having the highest natural levels of tryptophan among all protein food sources [54].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Markus, C. R., Olivier, B., Panhuysen, G. E., Van der Gugten, J., Alles, M. S., Tuiten, A., Westenberg, H. G., Fekkes, D., Koppeschaar, H. F., & de Haan, E. E.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Markus, C Rob
- ORCID
- Olivier, Berend
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1536-1544
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1963138513
- Semantic Scholar
- 75d65911966009bb4a453b746af6df1362e7f8b7
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Keywords
- alpha-lactalbumin, brain serotonin, acute stress, stress vulnerability, depressive mood, cortisol, prolactin, whey protein, casein, dietary protein, coping
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Amino Acids, Animals, Caseins, Cattle, Double-Blind Method, Electric Conductivity, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Lactalbumin, Male, Placebos, Prolactin, Pulse, Serotonin, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Stress, Physiological, Tryptophan, Multivariate Analysis
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