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Cited by 167Food composition and propertiesNutritional Studies and DietDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to food and nutrient intake and metabolic risk factors in a Dutch population

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Du, Huaidong, van der A, Daphne L, van Bakel, Marit ME, van der Kallen, Carla JH, Blaak, Ellen E, van Greevenbroek, Marleen MJ, Jansen, Eugène HJM, Nijpels, Giel +3 more·2008·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.655
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Abstract

Background Previous studies on the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) reported inconsistent findings on their association with metabolic risk factors. This may partly have been due to differences in underlying dietary patterns.Objective We aimed to examine the association of GI and GL with food and nutrient intake and with metabolic risk factors including blood glucose, insulin, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP).Design The study entailed cross-sectional analyses of data from 2 joint observational studies, the CoDAM Study and the Hoorn Study.Results In total, 974 subjects aged 42-87 y were included in the study. The mean (+/-SD) GI was 57 +/- 4 and the mean GL was 130 +/- 39. Dairy products, potatoes and other tubers, cereal products, and fruit were the main predictive food groups for GI. GL was closely correlated with intake of total carbohydrates (r(s) = 0.97), which explained >95% of the variation in GL. After adjustment for potential confounders, GI was significantly inversely associated with HDL cholesterol and positively associated with fasting insulin, the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance, the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, and CRP. No association was observed between GL and any of the metabolic risk factors, except for a borderline significant positive association with CRP.Conclusions In this population, a low-GI diet, which is high in dairy and fruit but low in potatoes and cereals, is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism and reduced chronic inflammation. GL is highly correlated with carbohydrate intake and is not clearly associated with the investigated metabolic risk factors.

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  • Increases in circulating TNF-a, IL-6, IL-2R, and CRP are strong predictors of all-cause mortality risk in longitudinal studies of elderly cohorts.

    “Increases in the levels of circulating TNF-a, IL-6, IL-2R and CRP are also strong predictors of all-cause mortality risk in longitudinal studies of several elderly cohorts (190 -193) .”

    From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [190]

  • In subjects over 80 years of age, inflammation is inversely associated with physical activity.

    “Also subjects over 80 years of age show consistent inverse associations between inflammation and physical activity (190) .”

    From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [190]

  • Elderly people have higher basal levels of inflammation independently of disease status.

    “Elderly people have higher basal levels of inflammation independently of disease status, and a considerable number of studies have been carried out in this population to assess associations between physical activity and inflammatory markers (190,223 -230) .”

    From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [190]

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  1. Diabetes Trials Unit of the Oxford University. HOMA calculator v2.
  2. Headington, United Kingdom: Diabetes Trials Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2004.

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Authors
Du, H., van der A, D. L., van Bakel, M. M., van der Kallen, C. J., Blaak, E. E., van Greevenbroek, M. M., Jansen, E. H., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C. D., Dekker, J. M., & Feskens, E. J.
Affiliations
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author
Du, Huaidong
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008-03
Volume
87
Issue
3
Pages
655-661
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/ajcn/87.3.655
OpenAlex
W2102421441
Cited by
167
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
FWCI
13.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
  • Rivm Repository (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
University of Toronto
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords
glycemic index, glycemic load, metabolic risk factors, insulin resistance, HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, C-reactive protein, chronic inflammation, dietary habits, dairy products, potato, cereals, fruits, carbohydrate intake, lipid metabolism, older adults
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Glucose, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Glycemic Index

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