Fish oil–derived n−3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults
Open accessAbstract
Background Age-associated declines in muscle mass and function are major risk factors for an impaired ability to carry out activities of daily living, falls, prolonged recovery time after hospitalization, and mortality in older adults. New strategies that can slow the age-related loss of muscle mass and function are needed to help older adults maintain adequate performance status to reduce these risks and maintain independence.Objective We evaluated the efficacy of fish oil-derived n-3 (ω-3) PUFA therapy to slow the age-associated loss of muscle mass and function.Design Sixty healthy 60-85-y-old men and women were randomly assigned to receive n-3 PUFA (n = 40) or corn oil (n = 20) therapy for 6 mo. Thigh muscle volume, handgrip strength, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) lower- and upper-body strength, and average power during isokinetic leg exercises were evaluated before and after treatment.Results Forty-four subjects completed the study [29 subjects (73%) in the n-3 PUFA group; 15 subjects (75%) in the control group]. Compared with the control group, 6 mo of n-3 PUFA therapy increased thigh muscle volume (3.6%; 95% CI: 0.2%, 7.0%), handgrip strength (2.3 kg; 95% CI: 0.8, 3.7 kg), and 1-RM muscle strength (4.0%; 95% CI: 0.8%, 7.3%) (all P < 0.05) and tended to increase average isokinetic power (5.6%; 95% CI: -0.6%, 11.7%; P = 0.075).Conclusion Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy slows the normal decline in muscle mass and function in older adults and should be considered a therapeutic approach for preventing sarcopenia and maintaining physical independence in older adults. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01308957.
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Fish-oil-derived n-3 FA supplementation improves muscle mass, strength, and physical function in weight-stable older adults, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate improves both muscle mass and strength in healthy young and older adults.
“Fish-oil-derived n-3 FA supplementation has been shown to improve muscle mass, strength, and physical function in weight-stable older adults (130, 131); and b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate, a metabolite of leucine, improved both muscle mass and strength in healthy young and older adults (132, 133).”
From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [131]
The Results section reports increased thigh muscle volume and handgrip and one-repetition-maximum strength after six months of fish-oil n-3 PUFA therapy, without a significant change in body weight. The study assessed muscle strength and power, but did not directly demonstrate improved physical function; its increase in muscle power was a nonsignificant trend. The beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate claim is attached to different citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn older adults with stable weight, supplementation with 3-4 g/day of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids for six months improved handgrip strength and lean mass.
“In older adults with stable weight, supplementation with 3–4 g/day of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids for six months improved handgrip strength and lean mass [55].”
From Muscle loss and GLP-1R agonists use (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
Recent evidence suggests that manipulating the omega-3 PUFA content of skeletal muscle may improve muscle function and metabolism.
“Recent evidence suggests that manipulating the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of skeletal muscle may improve muscle function and metabolism [10,11].”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
Growing evidence asserts that omega-3 PUFAs play a beneficial role in skeletal muscle metabolism and function.
“There is now growing evidence to assert that, concurrent with CV and anti-inflammatory effects, omega-3 PUFAs play a beneficial role in skeletal muscle metabolism and function [10,11].”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
Supplementing elderly individuals with 4 g of omega-3 PUFAs daily for six months preserved muscle mass and function, not due to exercise-induced effects, attenuating the normal declines associated with aging.
“Indeed, a higher dose of omega-3 PUFAs than the dose used by Rodacki and colleagues (2012) demonstrated that supplementing elderly individuals with 4 g of omega-3 PUFAs daily for six months preserved muscle mass and function, not due to exercise induced effects, attenuating the normal declines associated with aging [10].”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
Smith et al. showed that fish oil supplementation could slow down the decline in muscle mass and function in older adults.
“Smith et al. [51] showed that fish oil supplementation could slow down the decline in muscle mass and function in older adults.”
From Identification of factors associated with sarcopenic obesity development: Literature review and expert panel voting (2024) · cites this paper as [51]
Omega-3 PUFAs are able to reduce muscle wasting by increasing functional capacity in the elderly by growing the intracellular metabolic signal.
“Several evidences indicate that omega-3 PUFAs are able to reduce muscle wasting by increasing the functional capacity in the elderly by growing the intracellular metabolic signal [27,28].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 PUFAs of 4 g/day (1.86 g EPA and 1.5 g DHA) for six months reduced the normal decline in muscle mass and function in healthy older adults aged 60-85 years compared with a corn-oil supplemented placebo group.
“Smith et al. [27] demonstrated that supplementation with long-chain omega-3 PUFAs of 4 g/day (1.86 g EPA and 1.5 g DHA) for six months reduced the normal decline in muscle mass and function in healthy older adults (60–85 years) in comparison with the corn-oil supplemented placebo group.”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Treatment with fish oil-derived omega-3 PUFAs increased thigh muscle volume, handgrip strength, and average isokinetic leg muscle power.
“The authors reported that treatment with fish oil-derived omega-3 PUFAs had increased thigh muscle volume, handgrip strength, and the average isokinetic leg muscle power [27].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Fish oil-derived omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids increase muscle mass and function in healthy older adults.
“Moreover, a randomized controlled trial suggests that fish oil-derived omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids increase muscle mass and function in healthy older adults [78].”
From Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
Accumulating evidence indicates that n-3 PUFAs have the potential to reduce muscle wasting and increase functional capacity of muscle in older individuals by augmenting intracellular anabolic signalling.
“The precise molecular mechanisms responsible for sarcopenia are yet to be elucidated, however, accumulating evidence indicates that nutritional supplements, in particular the omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), have the potential to reduce muscle wasting and increase the functional capacity of muscle in older individuals by augmenting intracellular anabolic signalling [32,33,34].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
The anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs on skeletal muscle may be most beneficial to older individuals suffering from sarcopenia and may complement exercise and protein supplementation to combat sarcopenia.
“As such, the anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs on skeletal muscle may be most beneficial to older individuals suffering from sarcopenia [32,50,51] and may complement other strategies, such as exercise and protein supplementation, to combat sarcopenia.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the study by Smith et al., diet was not controlled, which may magnify and misrepresent the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on muscle area.
“However, in the study that was conducted by Smith et al. diet was not controlled, which may magnify and thus misrepresent the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on muscle area [32].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
Supplementation of 4 g/day for six months increases whole thigh muscle area, 1-RM strength, and isokinetic power.
“Indeed, supplementation of 4 g/day for six months results in increased whole thigh muscle area, 1-RM strength and isokinetic power [32].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
Even without regular resistance training, muscular strength and thigh volume can increase with n-3 PUFA supplementation in older men and women.
“Even in the absence of regular resistance training, muscular strength and thigh volume can increase with n-3 PUFA supplementation in older men and women.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Smith, G. I., Julliand, S., Reeds, D. N., Sinacore, D. R., Klein, S., & Mittendorfer, B.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mittendorfer, Bettina
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 115-122
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4480667
- OpenAlex
- W2121168414
- Semantic Scholar
- 62da5aabd1c18e58a29e851c02517bc8e176aba4
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 29.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (DK 56341, DK 20579, UL1 TR000448)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil supplementation, sarcopenia, muscle mass, muscle strength, grip strength, isokinetic power, older adults, age-related muscle loss, physical independence
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adipose Tissue, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Body Weight, Double-Blind Method, Erythrocytes, Female, Fish Oils, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Treatment Outcome, Muscle, Skeletal, Hand Strength, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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