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Tango for three: Sagittarius, LMC, and the Milky Way
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We assemble a catalogue of candidate Sagittarius stream members with 5D and 6D phase-space information, using astrometric data from Gaia DR2, distances estimated from RR Lyrae stars, and line-of-sight velocities from various spectroscopic surveys. We find a clear misalignment between the stream track and the direction of the reflex-corrected proper motions in the leading arm of the stream, which we interpret as a signature of a time-dependent perturbation of the gravitational potential. A likely cause of this perturbation is the recent passage of the most massive Milky Way satellite – the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We develop novel methods for simulating the Sagittarius stream in the presence of the LMC, using specially tailored N-body simulations and a flexible parametrization of the Milky Way halo density profile. We find that while models without the LMC can fit most stream features rather well, they fail to reproduce the misalignment and overestimate the distance to the leading arm apocentre. On the other hand, models with an LMC mass in the range $(1.3\pm 0.3)\times 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ rectify these deficiencies. We demonstrate that the stream can not be modelled adequately in a static Milky Way. Instead, our Galaxy is required to lurch toward the massive in-falling Cloud, giving the Sgr stream its peculiar shape and kinematics. By exploring the parameter space of Milky Way potentials, we determine the enclosed mass within 100 kpc to be $(5.6\pm 0.4)\times 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, and the virial mass to be $(9.0\pm 1.3)\times 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, and find tentative evidence for a radially-varying shape and orientation of the Galactic halo.
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“The Sagittarius stream gives M ( < 100 kpc) = 5 . 6 ± 0 . 4 × 10 11 M ⊙ and M vir = 9 . 0 ± 1 . 3 × 10 11 M ⊙ in the adopted halo family (Vasiliev et al., 2021).”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Vasiliev et al., 2021
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Stray, swing and scatter: angular momentum evolution of orbits and streams in aspherical potentials
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Self-citationModelling the Tucana III stream - a close passage with the LMC
Erkal, D., Li, T. S., Koposov, S. E., Belokurov, V. A., Balbinot, E., Bechtol, K., Buncher, B., Drlica-Wagner, A., Kuehn, K. W., Marshall, J. L., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2518 · Cited by 68
Self-citationModeling Tidal Streams in Evolving Dark Matter Halos
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The Sagittarius stream and halo triaxiality
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Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the variability processing & analysis resultsPreprint
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A Panoramic Landscape of the Sagittarius Stream in Gaia DR2 Revealed with the STREAMFINDER Spyglass
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Carlin, J. L., Majewski, S. R., Casetti‐Dinescu, D. I., Law, D. R., Girard, T. M., & Patterson, R. J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/744/1/25 · Cited by 61
Full 5D characterisation of the Sagittarius stream with Gaia DR2 RR Lyrae
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2011. The mechanics of tidal streamsPreprint
Eyre, A., & Binney, J. (2016) · Cited by 61
Quantifying the Stellar Halo's Response to the LMC's Infall with Spherical Harmonics
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Self-citationThe Orbit and Mass of the Sagittarius Dwarf GalaxyPreprint
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NO EVIDENCE FOR INTERNAL ROTATION IN THE REMNANT CORE OF THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF
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Self-citationInternal dynamics of the Large Magellanic Cloud from Gaia DR2
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Self-citationA closer look at the spur, blob, wiggle, and gaps in GD-1
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Self-citationStellar streams as gravitational experiments
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Frinchaboy, P. M., Majewski, S. R., Muñoz, R. R., Law, D. R., Łokas, E. L., Kunkel, W. E., Patterson, R. J., & Johnston, K. V. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/756/1/74 · Cited by 44
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A halo expansion technique for approximating simulated dark matter haloes
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Lane, R. R., Küpper, A. H. W., & Heggie, D. C. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21093.x · Cited by 43
Fardal, M. A., van der Marel, R. P., Law, D. R., Sohn, S. T., Sesar, B., Hernitschek, N., & Rix, H.-W. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3428 · Cited by 41
Frinchaboy, P. M., Majewski, S. R., Muñoz, R. R., Law, D. R., Lokas, E. L., Kunkel, W. E., Patterson, R. J., & Johnston, K. V. (2016) · Cited by 38
SIMULATING TIDAL STREAMS IN A HIGH-RESOLUTION DARK MATTER HALO
Ngan, W., Bozek, B., Carlberg, R. G., Wyse, R. F. Ġ., Szalay, A. S., & Madau, P. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/803/2/75 · Cited by 37
Emami, R., Genel, S., Hernquist, L., Alcock, C. R., Bose, S., Weinberger, R., Vogelsberger, M., Marinacci, F., Loeb, A., Torrey, P., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf147 · Cited by 36
SAGITTARIUS STREAM THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS FROM SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY STRIPE 82
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Self-citationGlobular Clusters in the Sagittarius stream. Revising members and candidates with Gaia DR2
Bellazzini, M., Ibata, R., Malhan, K., Martin, N. F., Famaey, B., & Thomas, G. F. (2020) · HAL · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.07871 · Cited by 12
The recurrent impact of the Sagittarius dwarf on the Milky Way star formation historyPreprint
Ruiz-Lara, T., Gallart, C., Bernard, E. J., & Cassisi, S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.12577 · Cited by 10
Discy dwarf disruption and the shape of the Galactic halo
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Self-citationGaia Data Release 2 Specific characterisation and validation of all-sky Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars
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Globular clusters in the Sagittarius stream
Bellazzini, M., Ibata, R., Malhan, K., Martin, N. F., Famaey, B., & Thomas, G. F. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037621
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Bland-Hawthorn, 2020, MNRAS
- Deason, 2020, MNRAS
- Erkal, 2020, MNRAS
- Garavito-Camargo, 2020, ApJ
- Iorio, 2020, MNRAS
- Li, 2020, ApJ
- Shao, 2020, MNRAS
- Valluri, 2020, AASJ
- Wang, 2020, SCPMA, 63, 109801
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Vasiliev, E., Belokurov, V., & Erkal, D.
- Affiliations
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Vasiliev, Eugene
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-11-25
- Volume
- 501
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 2279-2304
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W3087827168
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 15.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Sagittarius stream, Large Magellanic Cloud, Galactic halo, gravitational perturbations, N-body simulations, Milky Way potential, halo mass, halo shape, stream kinematics, Gaia DR2 astrometry
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