Maximizing the intersection of human health and the health of the environment with regard to the amount and type of protein produced and consumed in the United States.

Gardner, Christopher D; Hartle, Jennifer C; Garrett, Rachael D; Offringa, Lisa C; Wasserman, Arlin S

doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy073

Cited by 140Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactNutritional Studies and DietEnvironmental Impact and Sustainability

Maximizing the intersection of human health and the health of the environment with regard to the amount and type of protein produced and consumed in the United States.

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Gardner, Christopher D, Hartle, Jennifer C, Garrett, Rachael D, Offringa, Lisa C, Wasserman, Arlin S·2019·Nutrition Reviews

DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuy073PMC PMC6394758

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Abstract

This review utilizes current national dietary guidelines and published databases to evaluate the impacts of reasonable shifts in the amount and type of protein intake in the United States on the intersection of human and environmental health. The established scientific basis and recommendations for protein intake as described in the US Dietary Reference Intakes are reviewed. Data on food availability from both the US Department of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and data on consumption from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey are used to examine estimates of current US protein consumption. Greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide equivalents, CO2eq) and blue and green water impacts of US protein consumption resulting from US agricultural practices were obtained from previously published meta-analyses. A 25% decrease in protein intake paired with a 25% shift from animal food to plant food protein intake-from an 85:15 ratio to a 60:40 ratio-would best align protein intake with national dietary recommendations while simultaneously resulting in 40% fewer CO2eq emissions and 10% less consumptive water use. The modeling of this strategy suggests a savings of 129 billion kilograms of CO2eq and 3.1 trillion gallons of water relative to current consumption.

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Authors: Gardner, C. D., Hartle, J. C., Garrett, R. D., Offringa, L. C., & Wasserman, A. S.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
San Jose State University (US)
Boston University (US)
Massachusetts Historical Society (US)
Corresponding author: Gardner, Christopher D
ORCID: Gardner, Christopher D
Hartle, Jennifer C
Garrett, Rachael D
Offringa, Lisa C
Venue: Nutrition Reviews
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2019-02-06
Volume: 77
Issue: 4
Pages: 197-215
ISSN: 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
1753-4887
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy073
PMC: PMC6394758
OpenAlex: W2919339323
Cited by: 140
References: 67
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5
FWCI: 0.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: NIH
NHLBI
National Institutes of Health
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Postdoctoral Fellowship (T32 HL007034-41, K12 GM088033)
IRACDA
Institutional Research and Academic Career Development
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Keywords: protein intake, plant proteins, animal protein, greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, blue water, green water, environmental health, dietary guidelines, Dietary Reference Intakes, dietary intake, food availability, American diet
MeSH terms: Agriculture, Animals, Dietary Proteins, Environment, Female, Food Supply, Humans, Meat, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Nutrition Policy

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Maximizing the intersection of human health and the health of the environment with regard to the amount and type of protein produced and consumed in the United States.

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