Who has time to sleep?
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Both marriage and education appear to confer a protective effect on health. Few studies have examined the extent to which both undersleeping and oversleeping explain these relationships. I examined whether marital status, educational background, and other sociodemographic variables are associated with higher-risk sleep durations. METHODS: Over 7000 individuals aged 25-64 collected time-use diary data during a 24-h period. For both weekdays and weekend days, separate multinomial logistic regression models were estimated using three categories of sleep duration as the outcome category. RESULTS: Unmarried individuals are significantly more likely to sleep a short amount on both weekdays and weekends compared to married people. Single people also are significantly more likely to sleep a long amount. People with less than a college education are significantly more likely to sleep both a short amount and a long amount on weekdays relative to the college educated. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk sleep durations (short sleeping and long sleeping) are positively associated with sociodemographic categories associated with poorer health. More research should investigate whether social inequalities in health can be explained in part by variation in sleep duration.
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One other study found long sleep duration to be associated with more television viewing than adequate sleep.
“One other study also found long sleep duration to be associated with more television viewing than adequate sleep [69]”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [69]
Older ages, current smoking and former smoking, and alcohol consumption are associated with short sleep in prior work, but they are also associated with long sleep in our data.
“Older ages (7,20,21), current smoking and former smoking, and alcohol consumption (19,36,38,39) are associated with short sleep in prior work, but they are also associated with long sleep in our data”
From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [21]
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“For instance, lower education level was shown to be a risk factor for psychological and social stressors and as a result, leads to insomnia (Hale, 2005; Grandner et al., 2010; Al-Smadi et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRE: "OBJECTIVELY MEASURED SLEEP CHARACTERISTICS AMONG EARLY-MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS: THE CARDIA STUDY"
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- Authors
- Hale, L.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hale, Lauren
- ORCID
- Hale, Lauren
- Venue
- Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-03-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 205-211
- ISSN
- 0943-1853 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3850
- 1741-3842
- OpenAlex
- W2128756228
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep duration, oversleeping, marital status, educational attainment, social determinants of health, time diaries, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Chronology as Topic, Divorce, Educational Status, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Psychology, Social, Risk Factors, Single Person, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Stress, Psychological, Time, United States, Causality, Logistic Models, Marital Status, Widowhood
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