Who gets the best sleep? Ethnic and socioeconomic factors related to sleep complaints
Open accessAbstract
Objectives Lower socioeconomic status is associated with short or long sleep duration and sleep disturbance (e.g., sleep apnea), which are all related to increased mortality risk. General sleep complaints, however, which may better approximate symptoms as they are experienced, have not been examined in a large population sample.Methods Sample consisted of n=159,856 participants from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, representing 36 states/regions across the US. Sleep complaints were measured with a telephone survey item that assessed "trouble falling asleep," "staying asleep" or "sleeping too much." Data analysis utilized hierarchical logistic regression and Rao-Schott chi(2).Results Asian respondents reported the least complaints, and Hispanic/Latino and Black/African-American individuals reported fewer complaints than Whites. Lower income and educational attainment was associated with more sleep complaints. Employment was associated with less sleep complaints and unemployment with more. Married individuals reported the least sleep complaints. Significant interactions with race/ethnicity indicate that the relationship between sleep complaints and marital status, income and employment differs among groups for men, and the relationship with education differs among groups for women.Conclusions Rates of sleep complaints in African-American, Hispanic/Latino and Asian/Other groups were similar to Whites. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher rates of sleep complaint.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Some studies have found that sleep quality is worse among racial/ethnic minorities, while others have not.
“Although some studies have found that sleep quality is worse among racial/ethnic minorities(229-232), others have not(233-235).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [234]
Unemployment is associated with more sleep problems.
“Unemployment, on the other hand, is associated with more sleep problems.28,30”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Mortality Associated With Sleep Duration and Insomnia
Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R., & Marler, M. R. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation
Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P., & Van Cauter, E. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem
(2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e719732007-001 · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study
Krueger, P. M., & Friedman, E. M. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp023 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation
Mullington, J. M., Haack, M., Toth, M., Serrador, J. M., & Meier-Ewert, H. K. (2009) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2008.10.003 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an unmet public health problem
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-5682 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Are racial disparities in health conditional on socioeconomic status?
Farmer, M. M., & Ferraro, K. F. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.026 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Grandner, M. A., Hale, L., Moore, M., & Patel, N. P. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.006 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Self-citationObjectively Measured Sleep Characteristics among Early-Middle-Aged Adults
Lauderdale, D. S., Knutson, K. L., Yan, L. L., Rathouz, P. J., Hulley, S. B., Sidney, S., & Liu, K. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj199 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Strine, T. W., & Chapman, D. P. (2004) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2004.06.003 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study
Hale, L., & Do, D. P. (2007) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.9.1096 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Correlates of Long Sleep Duration
Patel, S. R., Malhotra, A., Gottlieb, D. J., White, D. P., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.7.881 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Criterion validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: Investigation in a non-clinical sample
Grandner, M. A., Kripke, D. F., Yoon, I., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2006) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00207.x · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationStamatakis, K. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Roberts, R. E. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.096 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Troxel, W. M., Robles, T. F., Hall, M., & Buysse, D. J. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.05.002 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Prevalence of sleep disturbance in a primarily urban Florida county
Karacan, I., Thornby, J. I., Anch, M., Holzer, C. E., Warheit, G. J., Schwab, J. J., & Williams, R. L. (1976) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/0037-7856(76)90006-8 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Role of Sleep
Moore, P. J., Adler, N. E., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00018 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
R-E-S-P-E-C-T patient reports of disrespect in the healthcare setting and its impact on care
Lurie, N., & Blanchard, J. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · Cited by 280 · see citing works
R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care.
Blanchard, J., & Lurie, N. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Hale, L. (2005) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdi004 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Sleep Duration as a Risk Factor for Incident Type 2 Diabetes in a Multiethnic Cohort
Beihl, D. A., Liese, A. D., & Haffner, S. M. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.001 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and insomnia
Gellis, L. A., Lichstein, K. L., Scarinci, I. C., Durrence, H. H., Taylor, D. J., Bush, A. J., & Riedel, B. W. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.111 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The Effects of Marital Dissolution and Marital Quality on Health and Health Service Use Among Women
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., & Rosenheck, R. A. (1999) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199909000-00003 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Sleep of African Americans: A Comparative Review
Durrence, H. H., & Lichstein, K. L. (2006) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0401_3 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self‐reported sleep duration in Finnish general population
Kronholm, E., Härmä, M., Hublin, C., Aro, A. R., & Partonen, T. (2006) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00543.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Health habits of U.S. adults, 1985: the "Alameda 7" revisited.
Schoenborn, C. A. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Sleep Duration among Black and White Americans: Results of the National Health Interview Survey
Nunes, J., Jean‐Louis, G., Zizi, F., Casimir, G. J., von Gizycki, H., Brown, C. D., & McFarlane, S. I. (2008) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31244-x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status Predicts Objective and Subjective Sleep Quality in Aging Women
Friedman, E., Love, G., Rosenkranz, M. A., Urry, H., Davidson, R., Singer, B., & Ryff, C. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31814ceada · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The course of insomnia over one year: a longitudinal study in the general population in Sweden
Jansson-Fröjmark, M., & Linton, S. J. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.6.881 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Impact of Spouses’ Sleep Problems on Partners
Strawbridge, W. J., Shema, S. J., & ROBERTS, R. E. (2004) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/27.3.527 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ethnic Differences in Symptoms of Insomnia Among Adolescents
ROBERTS, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chan, W. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.3.359 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cole, J. C., Dubois, D., & Kosinski, M. (2007) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.12.005 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Insomnia symptoms and repressive coping in a sample of older Black and White women
Jean‐Louis, G., Magai, C., Consedine, N. S., Pierre-Louis, J., Zizi, F., Casimir, G. J., & Belzie, L. R. (2007) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-7-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Explaining social inequalities in health by sleep: the Japanese civil servants study
Sekine, M., Chandola, T., Martikainen, P., McGeoghegan, D., Marmot, M., & Kagamimori, S. (2006) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdi067 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Social and Demographic Factors Related to Sleep Duration
Patel, S. R. (2007) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.9.1077 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
From sleep duration to mortality: implications of meta‐analysis and future directions
Grandner, M. A., & Patel, N. P. (2009) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00753.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationSocioeconomic position and sleep quantity in UK adults
Adams, J. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.039552 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pinto, L. R., Pinto, M. C. R., Goulart, L. I., Truksinas, E., Rossi, M. V., Morin, C. M., & Tufik, S. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.06.016 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Insomnia Symptoms in a Multiethnic Sample of American Women
Jean‐Louis, G., Magai, C., Casimir, G. J., Zizi, F., Moise, F., McKenzie, D., & Graham, Y. J. (2008) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2006.0310 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Perceived insufficient rest or sleep--four states, 2006.
(2008) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Perceived insufficient rest or sleep--four states, 2006
McKnight-Eily, L. R., Presley-Cantrell, L. R., Strine, T. W., Chapman, D. P., Perry, G. S., & Croft, J. B. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e458002008-002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Differential Effects of Sleep Quality and Quantity on the Relationship between SES and Health
Sickel, A. E., Moore, P. J., Adler, N. E., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08162.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Badge of honor or recipe for disaster? The importance of adequate sleep for nurses.
Lally, R. M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [31]Adams J Socioeconomic position and sleep quantity in UK adults J Epidemiol Community Health Mar 2006 60 3 267 269 16476759 PMC2465560
- [32]Hale L Do P Racial differences in self-reports of sleep duration in a population-based study Sleep 2007 30 9 1096 1103 17910381 PMC1978399
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Sleep Disturbances: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Chen, X., Wang, R., Zee, P., Lutsey, P. L., Javaheri, S., Alcántara, C., Jackson, C. L., Williams, M. A., & Redline, S. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4732 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Grandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position
Grandner, M. A., Williams, N. J., Knutson, K. L., Roberts, D., & Jean-Louis, G. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.020 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults
Levenson, J. C., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.001 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
“The decision to include all covariates in themodels wasmade a priori based on their possible impact on sleep disturbance (Grandner et al., 2010b).”
BackgroundPatel, N. P., Grandner, M. A., Xie, D., Branas, C. C., & Gooneratne, N. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-475 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep as a Potential Fundamental Contributor to Disparities in Cardiovascular Health
Jackson, C. L., Redline, S., & Emmons, K. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position
Grandner, M. A., Petrov, M. E. R., Rattanaumpawan, P., Jackson, N., Platt, A., & Patel, N. P. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.2990 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Self-citationGrandner, M. A., Jackson, N., Gerstner, J. R., & Knutson, K. L. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.004 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationGrandner, M. A., Chakravorty, S., Perlis, M. L., Oliver, L., & Gurubhagavatula, I. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.012 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationNormal sleep in African-Americans and Caucasian-Americans: a meta-analysis
Ruiter, M. E., DeCoster, J., Jacobs, L., & Lichstein, K. L. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.12.010 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Sleep duration, cardiovascular disease, and proinflammatory biomarkers
Grandner, M., Sands-Lincoln, Pak, & Garland (2013) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s31063 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity?
Knutson, K. L. (2012) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22219 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes
Altman, N. G., Izci-Balserak, B., Schopfer, E., Jackson, N., Rattanaumpawan, P., Gehrman, P. R., Patel, N. P., & Grandner, M. A. (2012) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.005 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationKnutson, K. L. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.002 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Family Socioeconomic Status and Sleep Patterns of Young Adolescents
Marco, C. A., Wolfson, A. R., Sparling, M., & Azuaje, A. (2012) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2012.636298 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Social and behavioral determinants of perceived insufficient sleep
Grandner, M. A., Jackson, N. J., Izci-Balserak, B., Gallagher, R. A., Murray-Bachmann, R., Williams, N. J., Patel, N. P., & Jean-Louis, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00112 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep in America: role of racial/ethnic differences
Adenekan, B., Pandey, A., McKenzie, S., Zizi, F., Casimir, G. J., & Jean-Louis, G. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.07.002 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Levenson, J. C., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2017) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx113 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Grandner, M. A., Alfonso-Miller, P., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shetty, S., Shenoy, S., & Combs, D. (2016) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000324 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived racial discrimination as an independent predictor of sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue
Grandner, M. A., Hale, L., Jackson, N., Patel, N. P., Gooneratne, N. S., & Troxel, W. M. (2012) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2012.654548 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationYeo, S. C., Jos, A. M., Erwin, C., Lee, S. M., Lee, X. K., Lo, J. C., Chee, M. W. L., & Gooley, J. J. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.041 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability, Sleep Quality, and Depression in the Context of Chronic Stress
da Estrela, C., McGrath, J., Booij, L., & Gouin, J.-P. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa039 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Maia, Q., Grandner, M. A., Findley, J., & Gurubhagavatula, I. (2013) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.07.028 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationAddressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease?
Grandner, M. A. (2014) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.911148 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Short or long sleep duration and insuffi cient sleep For approximately 50 years and across approximately 50 studies, both short and long sleep duration have been associated with increased mortality risk (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Gallicchio & Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2010c).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBaiden, P., Fallon, B., den Dunnen, W., & Boateng, G. O. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.527 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jackson, C. L., Hu, F. B., Redline, S., Williams, D. R., Mattei, J., & Kawachi, I. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.059 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Obesity, diabetes, and exercise associated with sleep-related complaints in the American population
Grandner, M. A., Patel, N. P., Perlis, M. L., Gehrman, P. R., Xie, D., Sha, D., Pigeon, W. R., Teff, K., Weaver, T., & Gooneratne, N. S. (2011) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-011-0398-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationFatima, Y., Bucks, R. S., Mamun, A. A., Skinner, I., Rosenzweig, I., Leschziner, G., & Skinner, T. C. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.10.020 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Worry and rumination have distinct associations with nighttime versus daytime sleep symptomology
Tutek, J., Gunn, H. E., & Lichstein, K. L. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1725012 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The contribution of transdiagnostic vulnerability factors in patients with chronic insomnia
Habibi Asgarabad, M., Doos Ali Vand, H., Salehi Yegaei, P., Hooman, F., Ahmadi, R., Baglioni, C., & Moradi, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1162729 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The association of sleep duration and feeling rested with health in U.S. Hispanic women
Roncoroni, J., Dong, Y., Owen, J., & Wippold, G. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.044 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grandner, M. A., Patel, N. P., Gehrman, P. R., Xie, D., Sha, D., Weaver, T., & Gooneratne, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grandner, Michael A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 470-478
- ISSN
- 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2861987
- OpenAlex
- W2001828497
- Cited by
- 562
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 24.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007713)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep complaints, sleep disorders, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, income, educational attainment, employment, marital status, racial disparities, Hispanics/Latinos, African Americans, Asians, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Asian, Black or African American, Employment, Ethnicity, Female, Health Surveys, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Income, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sleep, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Logistic Models, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
