Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 604

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Executive Compensation: A New View from a Long-Term Perspective, 1936–2005

Frydman, Carola, Saks, Raven E.·2010·Review of Financial Studies

Abstract

We analyze the long-run trends in executive compensation using a new dataset of top officers of large firms from 1936 to 2005. The median real value of compensation was remarkably flat from the late 1940s to the 1970s, revealing a weak relationship between pay and aggregate firm growth. By contrast, this correlation was much stronger in the past thirty years. This historical perspective also suggests that compensation arrangements have often helped to align managerial incentives with those of shareholders because executive wealth was sensitive to firm performance for most of our sample. These new facts pose a challenge to several common explanations for the rise in executive pay since the 1980s.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/rfs/hhp120

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 81

  1. 10.1086/250051 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.1086/423154 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Baker J. C. Executive Salaries and Bonus Plans. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1938.
  4. Baker, 1935, Compensation of Corporation Executives: The 1928–1932 Record, Harvard Business Review, 13, 321
  5. 10.1257/089533003769204362 · doi:10.1257/089533003769204362
  6. Bates T. Jandik T. Lehn K. Pay without Performance: The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2004.
  7. Bebchuk, 2005, Executive Pensions, Journal of Corporation Law, 30, 823
  8. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.10.011 · DOI · Paper page
  9. 10.1162/00335530152466269 · DOI · Paper page
  10. 10.1016/0165-4101(93)90017-A · DOI · Paper page
  11. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.08.007 · DOI · Paper page
  12. 10.2307/2946663 · DOI · Paper page
  13. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.05.004 · DOI · Paper page
  14. 10.1086/296677 · doi:10.1086/296677
  15. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.09.004 · DOI · Paper page
  16. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.08.008 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Coles J. L. Lemmon M. L. Wang Y. The Joint Determinants of Managerial Ownership, Board Independence, and Firm Performance. Second Singapore International Conference on Finance: Working Paper; 2008. · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1099324
  18. 10.1016/S0165-4101(99)00019-1 · DOI · Paper page
  19. 10.1111/1475-679X.00064 · DOI · Paper page
  20. 10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00058-0 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Cuñat V. Guadalupe M. Globalization and the Provision of Incentives Inside the Firm: The Effect of Foreign Competition. Working Paper: Columbia University Graduate School of Business; 2006. · doi:10.2139/ssrn.944471
  22. 10.1086/261354 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Edmans A. Gabaix X. Landier A. A Calibratable Model of Optimal CEO Incentives in Market Equilibrium. Working Paper 13372. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2007. · DOI
  24. Frydman C. Molloy R. S. Does Tax Policy Affect Executive Compensation? Evidence from Postwar Tax Reforms. Working Paper 2009–30. Federal Reserve Board of Governors; 2009. · DOI
  25. 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.49 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Garicano, 2006, Organization and Inequality in a Knowledge Economy, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121, 1282
  27. 10.1086/261967 · DOI · Paper page
  28. 10.1111/j.1745-6622.2007.00125.x · DOI · Paper page
  29. 10.2307/2118322 · DOI · Paper page
  30. 10.1086/209714 · DOI
  31. 10.1162/003355398555702 · DOI · Paper page
  32. 10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00050-7 · DOI · Paper page
  33. 10.1257/089533003769204353 · DOI · Paper page
  34. 10.1093/rfs/hhl030 · DOI · Paper page
  35. 10.1046/j.1540-6261.2003.00608.x · DOI · Paper page
  36. 10.1086/261931 · DOI · Paper page
  37. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00801.x · DOI · Paper page
  38. Hermalin, 1998, Endogenously Chosen Boards of Directors and Their Monitoring of the CEO, American Economic Review, 88, 96
  39. Hermalin, 2003, Boards of Directors as an Endogenously Determined Institution: A Survey of the Economic Literature, FRBNY Economic Policy Review, 9, 7
  40. Himmelberg C. P. Hubbard R. G. Incentive Pay and the Market for CEOs: An Analysis of Pay-for-Performance Sensitivity. Working Paper: Columbia University; 2000. · DOI
  41. 10.1111/0022-1082.00114 · DOI · Paper page
  42. 10.2307/3003320 · DOI · Paper page
  43. Holmstrom, 2005, Pay without Performance and the Managerial Power Hypothesis: A Comment, Journal of Corporation Law, 30, 675
  44. Holmstrom B. Kaplan S. N. Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the U.S.: Making Sense of the 1980s and 1990s. Working Paper 8220. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2001. · DOI · Paper page
  45. 10.1111/0022-1082.00405 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Inderst R. Mueller H. M. CEO Compensation and Private Information: An Optimal Contracting Perspective. Working Paper: New York University; 2006. · DOI
  47. 10.2307/2329018 · doi:10.2307/2329018 · Paper page
  48. 10.1086/261677 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Jensen M. C. Murphy K. J. Wruck E. Remuneration: Where We’ve Been, How We Got to Here, What Are the Problems, and How to Fix Them. European Corporate Governance Institute: Working Paper; 2004. · DOI · Paper page
  50. Joskow P. L. Rose N. L. CEO Pay and Firm Performance: Dynamics, Asymmetries, and Alternative Performance Measures. Working Paper 4976. National Bureau of Economic Research; 1994. · DOI
  51. Kaplan S. N. Rauh J. Wall Street and Main Street: What Contributed to the Rise in the Highest Incomes? Working Paper 615. Center for Research in Security Prices; 2007. · DOI
  52. 10.2307/145728 · DOI · Paper page
  53. 10.2307/2329243 · doi:10.2307/2329243
  54. Kuhnen C. M. Zwiebel J. H. Executive Pay. Rock Center for Corporate Governance Working Paper No: Hidden Compensation and Managerial Entrenchment; 2007. 16. · DOI · Paper page
  55. Khurana R. Searching for a Corporate Savior. The Irrational Quest for Charismatic CEOs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 2002. · DOI · Paper page
  56. Lehn K. Patro S. Zhao M. Determinants of the Size and Structure of Corporate Boards: 1935–2000. Kellogg School of Management: Working Paper; 2008. · DOI · Paper page
  57. Levy F. S. Temin P. Inequality and Institutions in 20 th Century America. Working Paper 07–17. M.I.T. Department of Economics; 2007. · doi:10.3386/w13106 · Paper page
  58. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.03.004 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Mace M. L. Directors, Myth and Reality. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press; 1971.
  60. 10.1086/259835 · DOI · Paper page
  61. McGahran, 1988, SEC Disclosure Regulation and Management Perquisites, The Accounting Review, 63, 23
  62. 10.1016/0304-405X(94)00809-F · DOI · Paper page
  63. 10.1016/0165-4101(85)90026-6 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Murphy K. J. Executive Compensation. In: Ashenfelter Orley Card David , editors. Handbook of Labor Economics 3B. Amsterdam, New York: North Holland; 1999. p. 2485-518. · DOI · Paper page
  65. 10.1257/0002828041302262 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Patton A. Men, Money, and Motivation. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1961.
  67. 10.1016/0007-6813(94)90003-5 · doi:10.1016/0007-6813(94)90003-5
  68. 10.1162/00335530360535135 · DOI · Paper page
  69. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.01.003 · DOI · Paper page
  70. 10.2307/1884268 · DOI · Paper page
  71. Roberts D. Executive Compensation. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press; 1959.
  72. Rosen, 1981, The Economics of Superstars, American Economic Review, 71, 845
  73. 10.2307/3003456 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Roberts D. Contracts and the Market for Executives. In: Werin Lars Wijkander Hans , editors. Contract Economics. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers; 1992. p. 181-217.
  75. 10.1162/003465398557537 · DOI · Paper page
  76. 10.1016/0304-405X(92)90029-W · DOI · Paper page
  77. 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01251.x · DOI · Paper page
  78. 10.2307/1885814 · doi:10.2307/1885814
  79. 10.1257/aer.98.3.642 · DOI · Paper page
  80. 10.1016/0304-405X(95)00829-4 · DOI · Paper page
  81. 10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.05.002 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 604

Metadata

Authors
Frydman, C., & Saks, R. E.
Venue
Review of Financial Studies
Published
2010-02-02
Volume
23
Issue
5
Pages
2099-2138
ISSN
  • 0893-9454 (ISSN-L)
  • 1465-7368
OpenAlex
W2149668926
Cited by
604
References
2
FWCI
167.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Executive Compensation: A New View from a Long-Term Perspective, 1936–2005. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/rfs/hhp120
The paper
Frydman, C., & Saks, R. E. (2010). Executive Compensation: A New View from a Long-Term Perspective, 1936–2005. Review of Financial Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhp120

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.