Cited by 151Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchNeuroscience of respiration and sleepCircadian rhythm and melatonin

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Sleep Neurobiology for the Clinician

Rodrigo A. España, Thomas E. Scammell·2004·Sleep

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Abstract

Many neurochemically distinct systems interact to regulate wakefulness and sleep. Wakefulness is promoted by brainstem and hypothalamic neurons producing acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin/hypocretin. Each of these arousal systems is capable of increasing wakefulness, but coordinated activity in all these pathways is required for complete alertness and cortical activation. Neurons in the pons and preoptic area control rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep. Mutual inhibition between these wake- and sleep-regulating regions likely helps generate discrete behavioral states. An up-to-date understanding of these systems should allow clinicians and researchers to better understand the effects of drugs, lesions, and neurologic disease on sleep and wakefulness.

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Authors: España, R. A., & Scammell, T. E.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Thomas E. Scammell
ORCID: Rodrigo A. España
Thomas E. Scammell
Venue: Sleep
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2004-06-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 811-20
ISSN: 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
1550-9109
DOI: 10.1093/sleep/27.4.811
OpenAlex: W76516690
Cited by: 151
References: 156
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 6.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: SLEEP (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL02013)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 62589, R01MH062589)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords: sleep regulation, wakefulness, arousal system, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, hypocretin/orexin, brainstem, hypothalamus, passive optical networks, preoptic area, REM sleep, NREM sleep, sleep-wake states, neurochemical systems
MeSH terms: Orexins, Acetylcholine, Brain Stem, Carrier Proteins, Dopamine, Histamine, Humans, Hypothalamus, Neurons, Neuropeptides, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Sleep, REM, Wakefulness, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

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