Candida Colonization and Subsequent Infections in Critically III Surgical Patients
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OBJECTIVE: The authors determined the role of Candida colonization in the development of subsequent infection in critically ill patients. DESIGN: A 6-month prospective cohort study was given to patients admitted to the surgical and neonatal intensive care units in a 1600-bed university medical center. METHODS: Patients having predetermined criteria for significant Candida colonization revealed by routine microbiologic surveillance cultures at different body sites were eligible for the study. Risk factors for Candida infection were recorded. A Candida colonization index was determined daily as the ratio of the number of distinct body sites (dbs) colonized with identical strains over the total number of dbs tested; a mean of 5.3 dbs per patient was obtained. All isolates (n = 322) sequentially recovered were characterized by genotyping using contour-clamped homogeneous electrical field gel electrophoresis that allowed strain delineation among Candida species. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients met the criteria for inclusion; all were at high risk for Candida infection; 11 patients (38%) developed severe infections (8 candidemia); the remaining 18 patients were heavily colonized, but never required intravenous antifungal therapy. Among the potential risk factors for candida infection, three discriminated the colonized from the infected patients--i.e., length of previous antibiotic therapy (p < 0.02), severity of illness assessed by APACHE II score (p < 0.01), and the intensity of Candida spp colonization (p < 0.01). By logistic regression analysis, the latter two who were the independent factors that predicted subsequent candidal infection. Candida colonization always preceded infection with genotypically identical Candida spp strain. The proposed colonization indexes reached threshold values a mean of 6 days before Candida infection and demonstrated high positive predictive values (66 to 100%). CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of Candida colonization assessed by systematic screening helps predicting subsequent infections with identical strains in critically ill patients. Accurately identifying high-risk patients with Candida colonization offers opportunity for intervention strategies.
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In a 6-month prospective cohort study of 29 high-risk SICU patients, 11 (38%) developed severe infections (8 candidemia), while the others were heavily colonized but did not require specific therapy.
“In this 6-month prospective cohort study, the investigators evaluated 29 patients.Of these, 11 (38%) developed severe infections (8 candidemia); the others were heavily colonized but did not require specific therapy.”
From Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis (2009) · cites this paper as [46]
Systematic screening of critically ill patients with risk factors had the potential to identify those requiring pre-emptive therapy with the threshold for intervention set at a colonization index of 0.5.
“The results of this study led the authors to conclude that systematic screening of critically ill patients with risk factors had the potential to identify those requiring so-called pre-emptive therapy with the threshold for intervention set at a CI of 0.5.”
From Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis (2009) · cites this paper as [46]
Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and candidemia remains a great challenge because symptoms and signs are usually non-specific, microbiological cultures are difficult to analyze, and histological specimens require invasive procedures.
“As mentioned previously, diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and candidemia remains a great challenge, since symptoms and signs are usually non-specific, microbiological cultures are difficult to analyze, and histological specimens require invasive procedures [29,30,46].”
From Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis (2009) · cites this paper as [46]
A corrected colonization index (product of the CI times the ratio of the number of distinct body sites showing heavy growth to the total number of distinct body sites growing Candida spp.) was associated with 100% sensitivity and specificity.
“The authors developed a corrected index (product of the CI times the ratio of the number of dbs showing heavy growth to the total of dbs growing Candida spp.) which was associated with a 100% sensitivity and specificity.”
From Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis (2009) · cites this paper as [46]
In Pittet et al.'s study, two independent factors predicted subsequent invasive Candida infection: severity of illness as assessed by the Apache II score, and intensity of Candida spp. colonization defined as the colonization index.
“The results of this study identified two independent factors that predicted subsequent invasive Candida infection: the severity of illness as assessed by the Apache II score, and the intensity of Candida spp.colonization defined as the colonization index (CI).”
From Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: part I. Epidemiology and diagnosis (2009) · cites this paper as [46]
Colonization by Candida of multiple nonsterile sites, prolonged use of antibacterial antibiotics, presence of central venous catheters, hyperalimentation, surgery, and prolonged ICU stay are linked to increased risk of invasive candidiasis.
“Colonization by Candida of multiple nonsterile sites, prolonged use of antibacterial antibiotics, presence of central venous catheters, hyperalimentation, surgery (especially surgery that transects the gut wall), and prolonged ICU stay have all been linked to increased risk of invasive candidiasis [139-141].”
From Guidelines for Treatment of Candidiasis (2004) · cites this paper as [139]
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- Authors
- Pittet, D., Monod, M., Suter, P. M., Frenk, E., & Auckenthaler, R.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Pittet, Didier
- Venue
- Annals of Surgery
- Published
- 1994-12
- Volume
- 220
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 751-758
- ISSN
- 0003-4932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1234477
- OpenAlex
- W2071756060
- Cited by
- 798
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Nosocomial Infections in ICU
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- Candida colonization, candidiasis, candidemia, critically ill surgical patients, intensive care unit patients, risk factors, prior antibiotic use, APACHE II score, strain genotyping
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Candida, Candidiasis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Logistic Models, Critical Illness
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