Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Positron emission tomography was used to investigate the neural substrates of normal human emotional and their dependence on the types of emotional stimulus. METHOD: Twelve healthy female subjects underwent 12 measurements of regional brain activity following the intravenous bolus administration of [15O]H2O as they alternated between emotion-generating and control film and recall tasks. Automated image analysis techniques were used to characterize and compare the increases in regional brain activity associated with the emotional response to complex visual (film) and cognitive (recall) stimuli. RESULTS: Film- and recall-generated emotion were each associated with significantly increased activity in the vicinity of the medial prefrontal cortex and thalamus, suggesting that these regions participate in aspects of emotion that do not depend on the nature of the emotional stimulus. Film-generated emotion was associated with significantly greater increases in activity bilaterally in the occipitotemporparietal cortex, lateral cerebellum, hypothalamus, and a region that includes the anterior temporal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formation, suggesting that these regions participate in the emotional response to certain exteroceptive sensory stimuli. Recall-generated sadness was associated with significantly greater increases in activity in the vicinity of the anterior insular cortex, suggesting that this region participates in the emotional response to potentially distressing cognitive or interoceptive sensory stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: While this study should be considered preliminary, it identified brain regions that participate in externally and internally generated human emotion.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Internal and external generation of emotion depend on subtly different brain regions.
“Reiman et al. (1997) used either film clips or personal recall to generate emotional response and found that internal and external generation of emotion depended on subtly different brain regions.”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Reiman et al. (1997)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900 · see citing works
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798 · see citing works
Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space
Collins, D. L., Neelin, P., Peters, T. M., & Evans, A. C. (1994) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-199403000-00005 · Cited by 3,431 · see citing works
Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways
Mishkin, M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Macko, K. A. (1983) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(83)90190-x · Cited by 2,947 · see citing works
Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans
AUGUSTINE, J. (1996) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00011-2 · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Comparing Functional (PET) Images: The Assessment of Significant Change
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1991.122 · Cited by 1,626 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. A positron emission tomography study.
Sergent, J., Ohta, S., & Macdonald, B. (1992) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/115.1.15 · Cited by 1,576 · see citing works
The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues About the Brain from the Skull of a Famous Patient
Damásio, H., Grabowski, T. J., Frank, R. J., Galaburda, A. M., & Damásio, A. R. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8178168 · Cited by 1,520 · see citing works
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3629249 · Cited by 1,405 · see citing works
Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion‐Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity
Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex.
Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Mishkin, M., Carson, R. E., Herscovitch, P., Schapiro, M. B., & Rapoport, S. I. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.5.1621 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex
Morgan, M. A., Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90241-c · Cited by 897 · see citing works
International review of studies on emotion
STRONGMAN, K. T. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 858 · see citing works
The Relationship between Global and Local Changes in PET Scans
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Liddle, P. F., Dolan, R. J., Lammertsma, A. A., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1990) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1990.88 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness, and disgust
Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Ahern, G. L., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., & Davidson, R. J. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.926 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.3.341 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Visual Mental Imagery Activates Topographically Organized Visual Cortex: PET Investigations
Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Maljkovic, V., Weise, S. B., Chabris, C. F., Hamilton, S. E., Rauch, S. L., & Buonanno, F. S. (1993) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1993.5.3.263 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Functional imaging of an illusion of pain
Craig, A. D., Reiman, E. M., Evans, A. C., & Bushnell, M. C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/384258a0 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Mapping of Functional Activity in the Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial System of the Rat
Schwartz, W. J., Smith, C. B., Davidsen, L., Savaki, H., Sokoloff, L., Mata, M., Fink, D. J., & Gainer, H. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.462184 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Resting frontal brain asymmetry predicts affective responses to films.
Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., & Henriques, J. B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.4.791 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citationResting frontal brain asymmetry predicts affective responses to films.
Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., & Henriques, J. B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.791 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationFox, P. T., & Mintun, M. A. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Neural correlates of self-induced dysphoria
Pardo, J. V., Pardo, P. J., & Raichle, M. E. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.5.713 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack.
Reiman, E., Raichle, M., Robins, E., Mintun, M., Fusselman, M. J., Fox, P. T., Price, J., & Hackman, K. A. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810060013003 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular differentiation of emotions.
Sinha, R., Lovallo, W. R., & Parsons, O. A. (1992) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199207000-00005 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Anticipatory Anxiety
Reiman, E. M., Fusselman, M. J., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2784226 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain regions involved in recognizing facial emotion or identity: an oxygen-15 PET study
George, M. S., Ketter, T. A., Gill, D. S., Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.5.4.384 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The application of positron emission tomography to the study of normal and pathologic emotions.
Reiman, E. M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationThalmic Contributions to Attention and Consciousness
Newman, J. (1995) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1995.1024 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Seminars in Basic Neurosciences
George, M. S. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.639-a · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Functional anatomy of taste perception in the human brain studied with positron emission tomography
Kinomura, S., Kawashima, R., Yamada, K., Ono, S., Itoh, M., Yoshioka, S., Yamaguchi, T., Matsui, H., Miyazawa, H., Itoh, H., et al. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90890-7 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
PET Images of Blood Flow Changes During Anxiety: Correction
Drevets, W. C., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A. K., Haller, J., & Raichle, M. E. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.256.5064.1696 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
A functional cerebral response to frightening visual stimulation
Wik, G., Fredrikson, M., Ericson, K., Eriksson, L. I., Stone‐Elander, S., & Greitz, T. V. B. (1993) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(93)90020-i · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The application of positron emission tomography to the study of the normal menstrual cycle
Reiman, E. M., Armstrong, S. M., Matt, K. S., & Mattox, J. H. (1996) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019214 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociation of Object and Spatial Visual Processing Pathways in Human Extrastriate Cortex
Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., SALERNO, J., Ungerleider, L. G., Mishkin, M., & Schapiro, M. B. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-042004-2.50028-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH UTILIZING THE VIVIDNESS OF VISUAL IMAGERY QUESTIONNAIRE
Marks, D. F. (1989) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1989.69.3.707 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Quest to Establish the Neural Substrates of Anxiety
Reiman, E. M. (1988) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30498-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationMethods for the correction of vascular artifacts in PET O-15 water brain-mapping studies
Chen, K., Reiman, E. M., Lawson, M. A., Yun, L.-S., Bandy, D. J., & Palant, A. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/23.552742 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Non-Patient Edition (SCID- NP, Version 1.0). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1990
- Ekman P, Friesen WV: Measuring facial movement with the Fa- cial Action Coding System, in Emotion in the Human Face. Ed- ited by Ekman P. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp 178-211
- Mintun MA, Lee KS: Mathematical realignment of paired PET images to enable pixel-by-pixel subtraction (abstract). J Nucl Med 1990; 31:816
- Reiman EM, Lane RD, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ: Functional brain imaging, emotion, and consciousness, in To- ward a Scientific Basis for Consciousness: The First Tucson Dis- cussions and Debates. Edited by Hameroff SR, Kaszniak AW, Scott AC. Boston, MIT Press, 1996, pp 311-320
- Newman J: Thalamic contributions to attention and conscious- ness. Conscious Cognition 1995; 4:137-158
- Sinha R, Lovallo WR, Parsons OSA: Cardiovascular differentia- tion of emotions. Psychosom Med 1992; 54:422-435
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment
Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1062872 · Cited by 4,561 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 · Cited by 3,502 · see citing works
Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain
Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094500 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
The functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407 · see citing works
Bardo, M. T., & Hammer, R. P. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90226-e · Cited by 3,229 · see citing works
Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071043098 · Cited by 2,997 · see citing works
The amygdala: vigilance and emotion
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000812 · Cited by 2,882 · see citing works
Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520 · see citing works
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-01-00411.1998 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
Neurobiology of emotion perception I: the neural basis of normal emotion perception
Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L., & Lane, R. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00168-9 · Cited by 2,173 · see citing works
Self-citationSubcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions
Damasio, A. R., Grabowski, T. J., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Ponto, L. L. B., Parvizi, J., & Hichwa, R. D. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/79871 · Cited by 2,117 · see citing works
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders
Shin, L. M., & Liberzon, I. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.83 · Cited by 2,083 · see citing works
How (and where) does moral judgment work?
Greene, J., & Haidt, J. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)02011-9 · Cited by 1,945 · see citing works
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn279 · Cited by 1,544 · see citing works
Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory.
Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1998) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01214-9 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Limbic Activation During Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving
Childress, A. R., Mozley, P. D., McElgin, W., Fitzgerald, J., Reivich, M., & O’Brien, C. P. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.1.11 · Cited by 1,513 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders
Drevets, W. C. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01020-9 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Fusar‐Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P., Surguladze, S., Benedetti, F., Abbamonte, M., Gasparotti, R., Barale, F., et al. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0953 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Kober, H., Barrett, L. F., Joseph, J., Bliss-Moreau, E., Lindquist, K., & Wager, T. D. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.059 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Drevets, W. C. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00203-8 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis
MURPHY, F. C., NIMMO-SMITH, I., & LAWRENCE, A. D. (2003) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.3.207 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion
Beauregard, M., Lévesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-18-j0001.2001 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Mataix-Cols, D., Wooderson, S., Lawrence, N., Brammer, M. J., Speckens, A., & Phillips, M. L. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.564 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Sergerie, K., Chochol, C., & Armony, J. L. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.12.002 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., Moore, G. J., Uhde, T. W., & Tancer, M. E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.030 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D. H., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., Glover, G., & Mackey, S. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947829 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion
Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., Ahern, G. L., Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00070-5 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional arousal and activation of the visual cortex: An fMRI analysis
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Fitzsimmons, J. R., Cuthbert, B. N., Scott, J. D., Moulder, B., & Nangia, V. (1998) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3520199 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Fear, Vigilance, and Ambiguity
Whalen, P. J. (1998) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10836912 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness, and disgust
Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Ahern, G. L., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., & Davidson, R. J. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.926 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Self-citationBremner, J., Staib, L., Kaloupek, D., Southwick, S., Soufer, R., & Charney, D. S. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00297-2 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
A systems approach to appraisal mechanisms in emotion
Sander, D., Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2005) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2005.03.001 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion
Lane, R. D., Kateri Mcrae, A., Reiman, E. M., Chen, K., Ahern, G. L., & Thayer, J. F. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Self-citationLane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Axelrod, B., Yun, L.-S., Holmes, A., & Schwartz, G. E. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892998562924 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional anatomical abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal cortical structures in major depression
Drevets, W. C. (2000) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(00)26027-5 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Emotion, attention, and the ‘negativity bias’, studied through event-related potentials
Carretié, L., Mercado, F., Tapia, M., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2001) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00195-1 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Brain activation in PTSD in response to trauma-related stimuli
Liberzon, I., Taylor, S. F., Amdur, R., Jung, T. D., Chamberlain, K. R., Minoshima, S., Koeppe, R. A., & Fig, L. M. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00246-7 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Structural Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder
Strakowski, S. M., DelBello, M. P., Sax, K. W., Zimmerman, M. E., Shear, P. K., Hawkins, J. M., & Larson, E. R. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.3.254 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
An fMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli.
Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J., Kang, E., Gross, J., & Gabrieli, J. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.115.1.33 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography
Tataranni, P. A., Gautier, J., Chen, K., Uecker, A., Bandy, D. J., Salbe, A. D., Pratley, R. E., Lawson, M. A., Reiman, E. M., & Ravussin, É. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4569 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Self-citationAmygdala Response to Fearful Faces in Anxious and Depressed Children
Thomas, K. M. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.11.1057 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Cortical and limbic activation during viewing of high- versus low-calorie foods
Killgore, W. D. S., Young, A. D., Femia, L. A., Bogorodzki, P., Rogowska, J., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00191-5 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Drevets, W. (2002) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00102-5 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Bremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D. S. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.11.1787 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Adolphs, R. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.055 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Clinical handbook of mindfulness
(2009) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention
Bradley, M. M., Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Fitzsimmons, J. R., King, W., & Desai, P. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.2.369 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Areas of brain activation in males and females during viewing of erotic film excerpts
Karama, S., Lecours, A. R., Leroux, J., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Joubert, S., & Beauregard, M. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10014 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
In Search of the Emotional Self: An fMRI Study Using Positive and Negative Emotional Words
Fossati, P., Hevenor, S. J., Graham, S. J., Grady, C., Keightley, M. L., Craik, F., & Mayberg, H. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1938 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Biomarkers of satiation and satiety
de Graaf, C., Blom, W. A. M., Smeets, P. A. M., Stafleu, A., & Hendriks, H. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.6.946 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Elliott, R., Newman, J. L., Longe, O. A., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-01-00303.2003 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Structural anatomy of empathy in neurodegenerative disease
Rankin, K. P., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Allison, S. C., Stanley, C. M., Glenn, S., Weiner, M. W., & Miller, B. L. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl254 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Boksman, K., Densmore, M., Gupta, M., Neufeld, R. W. J., Gati, J. S., & Menon, R. S. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01367-7 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Evidence of abnormal amygdala functioning in borderline personality disorder: a functional MRI study
Herpertz, S. C., Dietrich, T., Wenning, B., Krings, T., Erberich, S. G., Willmes, K., Thron, A. K., & Saß, H. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01075-7 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Functional Networks in Emotional Moral and Nonmoral Social Judgments
Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Bramati, I. E., & Grafman, J. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1118 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Lane, R. D., Chua, P. M.-L., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00017-2 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citationAmygdala response to facial expressions in children and adults.
Thomas, K. M., Drevets, W. C., Whalen, P. J., Eccard, C. H., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., & Casey, B. J. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01066-0 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: quantitative meta-analysis of functional activation and deactivation
Frank, D. W., Dewitt, M., Hudgens-Haney, M., Schaeffer, D. J., Ball, B. H., Schwarz, N. F., Hussein, A. A., Smart, L. M., & Sabatinelli, D. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.010 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Bhattacharyya, S., Borgwardt, S. J., Allen, P., Martin-Santos, R., Seal, M., Surguladze, S. A., O’Carrol, C., Atakan, Z., et al. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.519 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Royet, J., Zald, D. H., Versace, R., Costes, N., Lavenne, F., Koenig, O., & Gervais, R. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-20-07752.2000 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.015 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Liotti, M., Mayberg, H. S., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Jerabek, P., & Fox, P. T. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00874-x · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions
Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009196 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Supramodal Representations of Perceived Emotions in the Human Brain
Peelen, M. V., Atkinson, A. P., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2161-10.2010 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cocaine Craving
Wexler, B. E., Gottschalk, C. H., Fulbright, R. K., Prohovnik, I., Lacadie, C. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Gore, J. C. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.86 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Neural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: A trial-related fMRI study
Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Ho, S.-H., Britton, J. C., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.072 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Emotion, motivation, and the brain: Reflex foundations in animal and human research
Lang, P. J., & Davis, M. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56001-7 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives.
Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00015-8 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans
Zald, D. H. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1143 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Regulation of Human Affective Responses by Anterior Cingulate and Limbic µ-Opioid Neurotransmission
Zubieta, J., Ketter, T. A., Bueller, J. A., Xu, Y., Kilbourn, M. R., Young, E. A., & Koeppe, R. A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.11.1145 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Subjective rating of emotionally salient stimuli modulates neural activity
Taylor, S. F., Phan, K. L., Decker, L. R., & Liberzon, I. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00051-4 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
BREMNER, J. D., VERMETTEN, E., SCHMAHL, C., VACCARINO, V., VYTHILINGAM, M., AFZAL, N., GRILLON, C., & CHARNEY, D. S. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003290 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: implications for the pathobiology of autism
Schultz, R. T., Grelotti, D. J., Klin, A., Kleinman, J., Van der Gaag, C., Marois, R., & Skudlarski, P. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1208 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder
Yurgelun‐Todd, D. A., Gruber, S. A., Kanayama, G., Killgore, W. D., Baird, A. A., & Young, A. D. (2000) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.20304.x · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Canli, T., Omura, K., Haas, B. W., Fallgatter, A. J., Constable, R. T., & Lesch, K. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503880102 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
The emotional power of music: How music enhances the feeling of affective pictures
Baumgartner, T., Lutz, K., Schmidt, C. F., & Jäncke, L. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.065 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Keil, A., Müller, M. M., Gruber, T., Wienbruch, C., Stolarova, M., & Elbert, T. R. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00654-x · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Brain activity underlying emotional valence and arousal: a response-related fMRI study
Anders, S., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Grodd, W., & Birbaumer, N. (2004) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20048 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
fMRI of emotional responses to odors:
Royet, J., Plailly, J., Delon‐Martin, C., Kareken, D. A., & Segebarth, C. M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00388-4 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
A Functional Anatomy of Anticipatory Anxiety
Chua, P. M.-L., Krams, M., Toni, I., Passingham, R. E., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0407 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge
Mitchell, J. P., Heatherton, T. F., & Macrae, C. N. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.232395699 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders
Elliott, R., Zahn, R., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.77 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Insular cortex and neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of recent literature
Nagai, M., Kishi, K., & Kato, S. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.02.006 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
The Functional Neuroanatomy of Maternal Love: Mother’s Response to Infant’s Attachment Behaviors
Noriuchi, M., Kikuchi, Y., & Senoo, A. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.018 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Brain Activation during Facial Emotion Processing
Gur, R. C., Schroeder, L. F., Turner, T. H., McGrath, C., Chan, R. M., Turetsky, B. I., Alsop, D. C., Maldjian, J. A., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1097 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
The limbic lobe and its output channels: implications for emotional functions and adaptive behavior
Heimer, L., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.006 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
The role of the cerebellum in affect and psychosis
Schmahmann, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/s0911-6044(00)00011-7 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Rice, G. E., Ralph, M. L., & Hoffman, P. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv024 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
A review of neuroimaging studies in PTSD: heterogeneity of response to symptom provocation
Lanius, R. A., Bluhm, R., Lanius, U., & Pain, C. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.007 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
On the relationship between interoceptive awareness, emotional experience, and brain processes
Pollatos, O., Kirsch, W., & Schandry, R. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.019 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Recall of emotional states in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI investigation
Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Hopper, J., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Gupta, M. A., Neufeld, R. W. J., Gati, J. S., & Menon, R. S. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01466-x · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Köster, E. P., & Mojet, J. (2015) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.006 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Kennedy, S. H., Konarski, J. Z., Segal, Z. V., Lau, M. A., Bieling, P. J., McIntyre, R. S., & Mayberg, H. S. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.5.778 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
The cerebellum and emotional experience
Turner, B. M., Paradiso, S., Marvel, C. L., Pierson, R., Boles Ponto, L. L., Hichwa, R. D., & Robinson, R. G. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.023 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression
Ohira, H., Nomura, M., Ichikawa, N., Isowa, T., Iidaka, T., Sato, A., Fukuyama, S., Nakajima, T., & Yamada, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.047 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Neural activity associated with episodic memory for emotional context
Maratos, E. J., Dolan, R. J., Morris, J. S., Henson, R. N. A., & Rugg, M. D. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00025-2 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Brain responses associated with consciousness of breathlessness (air hunger)
Mario Liotti, A., Brannan, S., Egan, G. F., Shade, R. E., Madden, L., Abplanalp, B., Robillard, R., Lancaster, J. L., Zamarripa, F., Fox, P. T., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2035 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Neural correlates of social and nonsocial emotions: An fMRI study
Britton, J. C., Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Berridge, K. C., & Liberzon, I. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.027 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Williams, L. M., Phillips, M. L., Brammer, M. J., Skerrett, D., Lagopoulos, J., Rennie, C., Bahramali, H., Olivieri, G., David, A. S., Peduto, A., et al. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0904 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
- Authors
- Reiman, E. M., Lane, R. D., Ahern, G. L., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., Davidson, R. J., Friston, K. J., Yun, L. S., & Chen, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1997-07-01
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 918-925
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1525298240
- Cited by
- 711
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 18.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health (5k20mh000972-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH00972, MH00875)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, neural substrates of emotion, sadness, medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampal formation, anterior insula, interoception, exteroception, regional brain activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affective Symptoms, Arousal, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Motion Pictures, Oxygen Radioisotopes, Mental Recall, Research Design, Sensation, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Perception, Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
