Testing the reliability and validity of the self-efficacy for exercise scale
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.
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Self-efficacy for exercise was measured with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE).
“We also collected information on participants’ self-efficacy to participate in physical activity with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) [44].”
From Engaging women with an embodied conversational agent to deliver mindfulness and lifestyle recommendations: A feasibility randomized control trial (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
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“We also collected information on participants’ self-efficacy to participate in physical activity with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) [44].”
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Resnick, B. M. (2001) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.1011 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialMeasurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology
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Self-citationTESTING THE EFFECT OF THE WALC Intervention on EXERCISE ADHERENCE in OLDER ADULTS
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Self-citationTesting the effectiveness of the exercise plus program in older women post-hip fracture
Resnick, B. M., Orwig, D., Yu-Yahiro, J. A., Hawkes, W., Shardell, M. D., Hebel, J. R., Zimmerman, S. I., Golden, J., Werner, M., & Magaziner, J. S. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02879922 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Exercise Scale ( 33 ) is a nine-item measure (range ¼ 0–10) that focuses on self-efficacy expectations related to the ability to continue to exercise in the face of barriers to exercising.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFear of Movement and Associated Factors Among Adults With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis
Gunn, A. H., Schwartz, T. A., Arbeeva, L. S., Callahan, L. F., Golightly, Y. M., Goode, A. P., Hill, C. H., Huffman, K. M., Iversen, M. D., Pathak, A., et al. (2017) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23226 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“The SEE scale was used to assess participants’ self-reported ability to continue exercise in the face of barriers to exercise (20).”
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Yeh, G. Y., Wood, M. J., Wayne, P. M., Quilty, M. T., Stevenson, L. W., Davis, R. B., Phillips, R. S., & Forman, D. E. (2012) · Congestive Heart Failure · doi:10.1111/chf.12005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Quantifying daily physical activity and determinants in sedentary patients with Parkinson's disease
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“Data on selfefficacy for exercise, was collected using the self-efficacy for exercise scale (adapted from Resnick and Jenkins [15]).”
MethodPeterson, J. J., Lowe, J. B., Peterson, N. A., Nothwehr, F. K., Janz, K. F., & Lobas, J. G. (2008) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.07061153 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The theoretical role of self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between social support and a behaviour(22) has been demonstrated previously in the physical activity literature.(23,49,50) The present study adds support to that hypothesis.”
ResultReliability and Validity of the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale-2
Resnick, B. M. (2005) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.13.4.382 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationPearl, R. L., Wadden, T. A., Bach, C., Gruber, K. A., Leonard, S. M., Walsh, O. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Berkowitz, R. I. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000480 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Behavioral outcome measures included changes in self-efficacy, as assessed by the Weight and Lifestyle Efficacy-Short Form (WEL; Ames, Heckman, Grothe, & Clark, 2012) and Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEES; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
MethodPhysical activity and depression: A multiple mediation analysis
Pickett, K., Yardley, L., & Kendrick, T. (2012) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.10.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Physical and Psychosocial Effects of Wii Fit Exergames Use in Assisted Living Residents
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“…surveys included a 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15; Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986), SF-8™ Health Survey (SF-8; Ware, Kosinski, Dewey, & Gandek, 2001), Falls Efficacy Scale (FES; Tinetti, Richman, & Powell, 1990), and Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
van Stralen, M. M., de Vries, H., Bolman, C. A. W., Mudde, A. N., & Lechner, L. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9166-8 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Selfefficacy was measured using a 10-item scale derived from the validated self-efficacy for exercise scale [38] and focus group interviews with the target population [18], in which”
MethodLevinger, P., Panisset, M., Dunn, J., Haines, T., Dow, B., Batchelor, F., Biddle, S., Duque, G., & Hill, K. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01824-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Trait mindfulness and intrinsic exercise motivation uniquely contribute to exercise self-efficacy
Neace, S. M., Hicks, A., DeCaro, M. S., & Salmon, P. G. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1748041 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“gauges the extent to which individuals believe they are capable of being physically active and able to remain so despite various challenges, including fatigue, boredom, and environmental conditions.(17) The term extends from the self-efficacy literature.”
BackgroundPhysical Inactivity and Its Associated Factors among University Students
Goje, M., Salmiah, M. S., Ariffin, A. A., et al. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences · doi:10.9790/0853-13101119130 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Evaluating the components of the Exercise Plus Program: rationale, theory and implementation
Resnick, B. M. (2002) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/17.5.648 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationChronotype, Sleep Characteristics, and Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Hospital Nurses
Zhang, Y., Duffy, J. F., de Castillero, E. R., & Wang, K. (2017) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079917704671 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Regular exercise was defined as “exercise three or more times per week (for at least 20-minutes per session to work up a sweat)” (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundSchneider, K. L., Panza, E. A., Handschin, B., Ma, Y., Busch, A. M., Waring, M. E., Appelhans, B. M., Whited, M. C., Keeney, J., Kern, D., et al. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Internal consistency is high (coefficient α = 0.91) in adults (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) and adults with diabetes (Gleeson-Kreig, 2006).”
InfluentialMuchicko, M. M., Lepp, A., & Barkley, J. E. (2014) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2015.1048088 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Previous research has demonstrated exemplary internal consistency for this scale (Cronbach α = 0.92, Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
MethodInfluentialDailey, R. M., Richards, A. A., & Romo, L. K. (2010) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210362688 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Participants’ exercise self-efficacy was assessed through Resnick and Jenkins’ (2000) nine-item scale.”
MethodModel Testing for Reliability and Validity of the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale
Resnick, B. M., Zimmerman, S. I., Orwig, D., Furstenberg, A.-L., & Magaziner, J. S. (2001) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200109000-00007 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Participants completed a one-time, face-to-face interview which included questions about exercise behavior, self-efficacy expectations (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) related to exercise, health status based on the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller 1995; 1996), and the OEE.”
MethodSelf-citationSteffens, D., Young, J. M., Beckenkamp, P. R., Ratcliffe, J., Rubie, F., Ansari, N., Pillinger, N., Koh, C., Muñoz, P. A., & Solomon, M. J. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00765-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Other outcomes assessed included Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) [22], Self-Efficacy Scale [23], Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) [24] and pain intensity (Numerical Pain Rating Scale) [25].”
MethodPerceptions and Performance of Function and Physical Activity in Assisted Living Communities
Resnick, B. M., Galik, E. M., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.02.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationWickerson, L. M., Helm, D., Gottesman, C., Rozenberg, D., Singer, L. G., Keshavjee, S. H., & Sidhu, A. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/28708 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Physical activity and self-efficacy for exercise were measured using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire [17] and Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale [18], which were sent to LTx candidates in the app at baseline after app registration and four weeks later, and to LTx recipients three mon…”
MethodEffects of a Social Cognitive Theory-Based Hip Fracture Prevention Web Site for Older Adults
Nahm, E., BARKER, B., Resnick, B. M., Covington, B., Magaziner, J. S., & Brennan, P. F. (2010) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncn.0b013e3181f69d73 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Validity of the measure was supported using a hypothesis testing approach.(33) Validity coefficients using SEM (all estimates Q0.”
MethodSelf-citationEmbedding Patient Education in Mobile Platform for Patients With Heart Failure
Athilingam, P. R., Osorio, R. E., Kaplan, H. M., Oliver, D., O’neachtain, T., & Rogal, P. J. (2016) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/cin.0000000000000216 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“92) was modified and used to measure self-efficacy.(38) This modified self-efficacy/confidence”
MethodHeart Failure and Exercise: A Narrative Review of the Role of Self-Efficacy
Ha, F. J., Hare, D. L., Cameron, J. D., & Toukhsati, S. R. (2017) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2017.08.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ang, D. C., Kaleth, A. S., Bigatti, S., Mazzuca, S., Saha, C., Hilligoss, J., Lengerich, M., & Bandy, R. (2011) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2010.08.014 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Exercise self-efficacy (ESE): This is a 9-item scale designed to measure a person’s perceptions of her confidence to engage in physical activity in various situations[59].”
BackgroundDavis, A. H. T., Figueredo, A. J., Fahy, B. F., et al. (2007) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2006.08.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effects of crisis efficacy on intentions to follow directives during crisis
Avery, E. J., & Park, S. (2016) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/1062726x.2016.1165681 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Previous studies have adopted a similar approach; for example, Resnick and Jenkins (2000) developed an exercise selfefficacy scale that can be applied to different exercise types.”
MethodPatient-reported physical activity questionnaires: a systematic review of content and format
Williams, K., Frei, A., Vetsch, A., Dobbels, F., Puhan, M. A., & Rüdell, K. (2012) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-28 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Self-efficacy/confidence in performing physical activities 7 [18,24,35,80,92,104,112]”
BackgroundLiang, I. J., Perkin, O. J., McGuigan, P. M., Thompson, D., & Western, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2020-0391 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…namely, their perceived competence (Williams & Gill, 1995), which uses a Likert scale from 1 (low competence) to 7 (high competence); self-efficacy (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000), which asks participants to rate their confidence in overcoming eight barriers to exercise, such as boredom, pain, and…”
BackgroundAnderson, C. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119851798 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Research supports the reliability and validity of the SEES (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNemanich, S. T., Duncan, R. P., Dibble, L. E., Cavanaugh, J. T., Ellis, T. D., Ford, M. P., Foreman, K. B., & Earhart, G. M. (2013) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2013/141720 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“High scores are associated with greater confidence about exercise programs (CONF), more negative beliefs about exercise (BEL), and positive exercise self-efficacy (EFFIC).”
BackgroundInfluentialLooyestyn, J., Kernot, J., Boshoff, K., & Maher, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7862 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“As per standard procedure, the Self-Efficacy Barriers to Exercise Measure was scored by adding the ratings for each response and dividing the sum by 13 [31].”
MethodIdentifying supports and barriers to physical activity in patients at risk for diabetes.
Donahue, K. E., Mielenz, T. J., Sloane, P. D., Callahan, L. F., & DeVellis, R. F. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Shaughnessy, M., Resnick, B. M., & Macko, R. F. (2004) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2004.07.002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationAlsaleh, E., Windle, R. J., & Blake, H. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3313-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Exercise self-efficacy was assessed using the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) which has established reliability and validity [44].”
MethodGoldstein, E., Topitzes, J., Brown, R., & Barrett, B. P. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318772608 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The ESES is a 9-item measure of exercise-related self-efficacy (Resnick and Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundImplementing a restorative care philosophy of care in assisted living: Pilot testing of Res‐Care‐AL
Resnick, B. M., Galik, E. M., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00394.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Validity with efficacy expectations significantly related to exercise activity and construct validity based on confirmatory factor analysis (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) Participants responded as either Yes = confident or No = not confident.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPromoting physical activity after stroke via self-management: a feasibility study
Preston, E., Dean, C. M., Ada, L., Stanton, R., Brauer, S., Kuys, S. S., & Waddington, G. S. (2017) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2017.1304876 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chung, B. P. H., Chiang, W. K. H., Lau, H. M.-C., Lau, T. F. O., Lai, C.-L., Sit, C. S. Y., Chan, K. Y., Yeung, C. Y., Lo, T. M., Hui, E., et al. (2020) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1142/s1013702520500079 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“An original English version of the SEE scale was designed to test people's con ̄dence to continue exercising in the face of barriers to exercise.(32) This scale has a range of total scores from 0 to 90.”
MethodOyibo, K., Orji, R., & Vassileva, J. (2018) · Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.1007/s41666-018-0026-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Self-Efficacy (SE) [63] and Physical Environment (ENV) [69] were directly measured, while Social Support (SS) [64], Self-Regulation (SR) [44] and Outcome Expectation (OE) [65] were indirectly measured.”
MethodTian, H., Zhou, W., Qiu, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063243 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The Chinese Version of the Self-efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEES-C), modified from a previous study [40] by Lee et al.”
MethodRowe, N. F. (2015) · International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics · doi:10.1080/19406940.2014.915228 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…to each of the three sporting capital domains and drew from existing validated psychometric scales and, in particular, the Physical Self-Perception Profile Manual developed by Fox and Corbin (1989) and the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale developed initially by Resnick and Jenkins (2000).”
MethodVahabi, M., & Damba, C. (2014) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2014.09.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Older Adults’ Participation in Nursing Home Placement Decisions
Johnson, R. A., Popejoy, L., & Radina, M. E. (2010) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773810372990 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Strengths Self-Efficacy Scale (SSES)
Tsai, C., Chaichanasakul, A., Zhao, R., Flores, L. Y., & Lopez, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072713493761 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…of self-efficacy in different context and situations (e.g., Chen, Gully, & Eden, 2001; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995; Sherer et al., 1982) and to measure self-efficacy for specific tasks (e.g., Brenowitz & Tuttle, 2003; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000; Solberg et al., 1994; Zimmerman & Kitsantas, 2005).”
BackgroundQuicke, J. G., Foster, N. E., Ogollah, R. O., Croft, P. R., & Holden, M. A. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23104 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“92 (27) and has been used in previous studies of older adults with joint pain (17).”
BackgroundMethodOpotowsky, A. R., Rhodes, J., Landzberg, M. J., Bhatt, A. B., Shafer, K. M., Yeh, D. D., Crouter, S. E., & Tikkanen, A. Ú. (2018) · World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery · doi:10.1177/2150135117752123 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Exercise Among Older Adults in a Continuing Care Retirement Community
Resnick, B. M., & D’Adamo, C. R. (2011) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2011.tb00065.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Study measures included the Self-Efficacy Expectations for Exercise Scale (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000), Outcome Expectations for Exercise (OEE)-2 Scale (Resnick, 2005), Resilience (Wagnild & Young, 1993), the MMSE (Folstein et al., 1975), a single-item health Factors Associated with Exercise Among…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationRossi, A., Garber, C., Ortiz, M., Shankar, V., Goldberg, G., & Nevadunsky, N. (2016) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.05.034 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Barrier self-efficacy was assessed using the 9-item Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale [24], which asks participants how confident they are that they would continue their physical activity when confrontedwith barriers such as a boring programor poorweather.”
MethodResnick, B. M., Nahm, E., Zhu, S., Brown, C. H., An, M., Park, B., & Brown, J. (2014) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0000000000000084 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Prior use provided evidence of internal consistency (alpha coeffi - cients ranging from .88 to .93) and validity based on confi rmatory factor analysis (Resnick et al., 2000, 2001).”
Self-citationvan Bree, R. J. H., van Stralen, M. M., Bolman, C. A. W., Mudde, A. N., de Vries, H., & Lechner, L. (2012) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2012.749476 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The items were based on the questionnaire developed by Resnick and Jenkins (2000) and on focus group interviews with the target group (van Stralen et al., 2008).”
MethodFoster, N. E., Healey, E. L., Holden, M. A., Nicholls, E. E., Whitehurst, D. G. T., Jowett, S. M., Jinks, C., Roddy, E., & Hay, E. M. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-254 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“A range of secondary outcomes will be collected: the proportion of treatment responders using the internationally agreed Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT-OARSI) clinical responder criteria [16,17] that combines data on pain and function from the WOMAC [48] with patient’s global assessment of c…”
Staite, E., Bayley, A., Al-Ozairi, E., Stewart, K., Hopkins, D., Rundle, J., Basudev, N., Mohamedali, Z., & Ismail, K. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/15448 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Self-efficacy was measured using the self-efficacy for exercise scale, which has 9 items and a score range of 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy [27].”
- Authors
- Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- ORCID
- Resnick, Barbara
- Venue
- Nursing Research
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 154-159
- ISSN
- 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073037367
- Semantic Scholar
- e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy
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