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Consciousness as a memory system.

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Budson, Andrew E., Richman, Kenneth A., Kensinger, Elizabeth A.·2022·Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology

DOI 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000319PMC PMC9708083

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Abstract

We suggest that there is confusion between why consciousness developed and what additional functions, through continued evolution, it has co-opted. Consider episodic memory. If we believe that episodic memory evolved solely to accurately represent past events, it seems like a terrible system-prone to forgetting and false memories. However, if we believe that episodic memory developed to flexibly and creatively combine and rearrange memories of prior events in order to plan for the future, then it is quite a good system. We argue that consciousness originally developed as part of the episodic memory system-quite likely the part needed to accomplish that flexible recombining of information. We posit further that consciousness was subsequently co-opted to produce other functions that are not directly relevant to memory per se, such as problem-solving, abstract thinking, and language. We suggest that this theory is compatible with many phenomena, such as the slow speed and the after-the-fact order of consciousness, that cannot be explained well by other theories. We believe that our theory may have profound implications for understanding intentional action and consciousness in general. Moreover, we suggest that episodic memory and its associated memory systems of sensory, working, and semantic memory as a whole ought to be considered together as the conscious memory system in that they, together, give rise to the phenomenon of consciousness. Lastly, we suggest that the cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that makes consciousness possible, and that every cortical region contributes to this conscious memory system.

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“A focus on gaze control diﬀers from previous arguments that I and others have made regarding learning and memory, as central to the adaptive advantage conferred by consciousness (Bronfman et al., 2016; Jablonka and Ginsburg, 2022; Budson et al., 2022; Lacalli, 2024a,b).”

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Authors: Budson, A. E., Richman, K. A., & Kensinger, E. A.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (US)
Boston College (US)
Corresponding author: Budson, Andrew E.
ORCID: Budson, Andrew E.
Richman, Kenneth A.
Kensinger, Elizabeth A.
Venue: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2022-10-03
Volume: 35
Issue: 4
Pages: 263-297
ISSN: 1543-3633 (ISSN-L)
1543-3641
DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000319
PMC: PMC9708083
OpenAlex: W4298086893
Cited by: 66
References: 143
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 5
FWCI: 11.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: consciousness, episodic memory, evolution of consciousness, future planning, problem solving, abstract thinking, language evolution, cerebral cortex, sensory memory, working memory, semantic memory, intentional action, forgetting, false memory
MeSH terms: Brain, Cognition, Consciousness, Humans, Memory, Memory, Episodic

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