Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence
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Abstract
The role of the frontal cortex in consciousness remains a matter of debate. In this Perspective, we will critically review the clinical and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the front versus the back of the cortex in specifying conscious contents and discuss promising research avenues. Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Should a Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories of Conscious Perception?, by Brian Odegaard, Robert T. Knight, and Hakwan Lau
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The dense, divergent-convergent hierarchical 3D lattice organization of posterior cortex makes it a plausible candidate for the substrate of human consciousness.
“In the brain, a large part of the cerebral cortex, especially its posterior regions, is organized as a dense, divergent-convergent hierarchical 3D lattice of specialized units, which makes it a plausible candidate for the substrate of human consciousness [4, 11, 51, 52].”
From Integrated information theory (IIT) 4.0: Formulating the properties of phenomenal existence in physical terms (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
The Forward inference passage (under Stimulation studies; page unavailable) identifies a posterior parieto-occipital “hot zone” as a reliable neural correlate of consciousness, supporting the idea that posterior cortex is a plausible candidate. Our copy does not describe a dense, divergent-convergent hierarchical 3D lattice or attribute that structural rationale to posterior cortex. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the brain, a large part of the cerebral cortex, especially its posterior regions, is organized as a dense, divergent-convergent hierarchical 3D lattice of specialized units.
“In the brain, a large part of the cerebral cortex, especially its posterior regions, is organized as a dense, divergent-convergent hierarchical 3D lattice of specialized units, which makes it a plausible candidate for the substrate of human consciousness [4, 11, 51, 52].”
From Integrated information theory (IIT) 4.0: Formulating the properties of phenomenal existence in physical terms (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
The Introduction identifies posterior parietal, occipital, and lateral temporal cortex as the paper’s proposed ‘back’ of the brain, and the section on reverse inference reports that specific conscious contents are most consistently associated with posterior cortex. Our copy does not describe the cortex as a dense, divergent-convergent hierarchical 3D lattice of specialized units, so the structural part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIIT holds that a maximal Φ value will be reached primarily in posterior cortex (hot zone) when dense reentrant interactions occur between higher and lower visual areas.
“IIT holds that a maximal F value will be reached primarily in posterior cortex (''hot zone'') 78,95 when dense reentrant interactions occur between higher and lower visual areas.7”
From An integrative, multiscale view on neural theories of consciousness (2024) · cites this paper as [78]
The Conclusion and future directions section identifies a posterior cortical “hot zone” as important for the contents of consciousness, and the discussion of within-state studies places it in parieto-occipital cortex. Those passages support the location cited here, but they do not establish that IIT’s maximal Φ is reached there; the sentence cites a different source for the reentrant-interaction condition. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIIT identifies a posterior hot zone, which has been stipulated to represent a maximum of phi in the brain, and potentially also a source of spatial phenomenology, due to its organization as a hierarchy of 2D grids.
“With respect to the neural substrates of consciousness, IIT identifies a “posterior hot zone” (Boly et al., 2017), which has been stipulated to represent a maximum of phi in the brain (Boly et al., 2017), and potentially also a source of spatial phenomenology, due to its organization as a hierarchy of 2D grids (Haun and Tononi, 2019).”
From An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Boly et al., 2017
The Stimulation studies section (page unavailable) describes a posterior parieto-occipital “hot zone” as a reliable neural correlate of consciousness. The passages found do not say that IIT identifies it or that it represents a maximum of phi in the brain. The separate claim about spatial phenomenology is cited to Haun and Tononi (2019), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCurrent methods in human neuroscience are almost exclusively correlational and seem unable to resolve the controversy over whether the PFC plays an essential role in consciousness.
“Whether or not the PFC plays an essential role in consciousness therefore remains intensely debated, and current methods in human neuroscience, which are almost exclusively correlational in nature, seem unable to resolve the controversy (Boly et al., 2017;Odegaard et al., 2017).”
From Does the Prefrontal Cortex Play an Essential Role in Consciousness? Insights from Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain (2021) · cites this paper as Boly et al., 2017
The Introduction says the frontal cortex’s involvement in consciousness remains a matter of debate. But the Lesion studies and Stimulation studies sections describe causal evidence from lesions and direct evidence from electrical stimulation, so the paper does not support the characterization of human neuroscience methods as almost exclusively correlational or unable to inform the debate. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The GNW is not a localizationist account of conscious access, and conscious access is not posited to reside in a single node; rather the GNW acts as a distributed router, with prefrontal cortex playing a key but not exclusive role, and includes dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex along with other hubs.
“the GNW is not a localizationist theory of conscious access, nor is conscious access posited to exist solely in a given node of the GNW”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Boly et al., 2017
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe degree of bistability can be estimated by the features of sleep slow waves.
“the degree of bistability can be estimated by the features of sleep slow waves126–128.”
From Consciousness and sleep (2024) · cites this paper as [128]
The Stimulation studies section discusses sleep-related neural activity and intracranial recordings, but not estimating bistability from sleep slow-wave features. A reference to Pigorini et al. (2015) mentions bistability during non-REM sleep without stating the claimed estimation method. Searches for “bistability” and “slow waves” found no passage establishing it; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“For example, the debate about whether consciousness resides in the ‘front’ or the ‘back’ of the brain (Boly et al. 2017; Odegaard et al. 2017) may turn on different conceptions of consciousness.”
BackgroundFunctional geometry of the cortex encodes dimensions of consciousness
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Human single neuron activity precedes emergence of conscious perception
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- Authors
- Boly, M., Massimini, M., Tsuchiya, N., Postle, B. R., Koch, C., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- Monash University (AU)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tononi, Giulio
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-10-04
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 9603-9613
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC5628406
- OpenAlex
- W2952447148
- Cited by
- 557
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 7.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Tiny Blue Dot Foundation
- Templeton World Charity Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (H2020, MH095984)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (686764, -2014-2015, H2020-FETOPEN-2014-2015- RIA)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH064498, R01MH095984)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R03NS096379)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- neural correlates of consciousness, frontal cortex, posterior cortex, prefrontal cortex, conscious perception, visual awareness
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness, Humans, Nerve Net, Neuroimaging
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